{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:59:15Z","timestamp":1777571955237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although IR thermography is widely used in medical diagnostics, there are no reports that describe the use of IR thermography in the evaluation of post-plastic-surgery regeneration processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of thermography as a method which, among others, allows us to determine the location and extent of the inflammatory process, supporting the clinical evaluation of the patient\u2019s convalescence after a facelift surgery using the SMAS technique. During the study and in order to monitor the convalescence process, the patient had a series of face thermograms performed before surgery and up to the 6th week after it. The healing process after surgery was multidirectional for the contralateral areas of the face, leading to thermal asymmetry lasting up to the 3rd week of convalescence. The lowest Tmean values for ROIs were recorded in week 3 of the study and then they gradually increased, in week 6 after surgery, to the following values: chin = 33.1 \u00b1 0.72 \u00b0C; cheek left = 33.0 \u00b1 0.26 \u00b0C; cheek right = 33.2 \u00b1 0.51 \u00b0C; ZFL = 33.8 \u00b1 0.45 \u00b0C; ZFR = 33.6 \u00b1 0.74 \u00b0C; ZLL = 32.6 \u00b10.55 \u00b0C; ZLR = 32.3 \u00b1 0.32 \u00b0C. The temperatures of these areas were still lower than the baseline values obtained before surgery by 0.5\u20131.4 \u00b0C. The usefulness of thermography in the evaluation of post-operative convalescence in facial plastic surgery procedures shows potential in the context of diagnostic assessment of the dynamics of changes in the healing process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Use of Thermography as an Auxiliary Method for Monitoring Convalescence after Facelift Surgery: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0657-0293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Chudecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Dmytrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aesthetic Med, 71-403 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Le\u017anicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-5409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lubkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.06.036","article-title":"Injectable fillers for facial rejuvenation: A review","volume":"62","author":"Buck","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002851","article-title":"Evidence-Based Medicine: Face Lift","volume":"139","author":"Derby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713822","article-title":"Adjunctive Procedures in Facelifting","volume":"36","author":"Winslow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001695","article-title":"Face Lift","volume":"136","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004416","article-title":"Ligaments of the face: Past, present, and future","volume":"29","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv139","article-title":"SMAS fusion zones determine the subfascial andsubcutaneous anatomy of the human face: Fascial spaces, fat compartments, and models of facial aging","volume":"36","author":"Pessa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00616-5","article-title":"Poster 14 Internal midfacelift: The foundation for facial rejuvenation","volume":"61","author":"Watson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of anchored barbed sutures in the face and neck","volume":"34","author":"Kaminer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.5.0716","article-title":"Thermographic imaging of cutaneous sensory segment in patients with peripheral nerve injury. Skin-temperature stability between sides of the body","volume":"62","author":"Uematsu","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/98504520","article-title":"Thermographic and clinical correlation of myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles","volume":"41","author":"Haddad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"537","article-title":"Ehlers-Danlos syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Schiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"63","article-title":"Standardization of Techniques for Thermal Imaging Testing: The Current Situation. Part 1. Basic Information","volume":"15","author":"Fujimasa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomed. Thermol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90316-5","article-title":"Electronic thermography in the assessment of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. A pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Gratt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"75","article-title":"Thermographic monitoring of therapy of chronic sinusitis in children treated by antibiotics or lasertherapy","volume":"10","author":"Mniszek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Bio-Opt. Inf. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"17","article-title":"Analysis of Facial Skin Temperature Changes in Acquaintance Comparision Question Test","volume":"5","author":"Polakowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Polygr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wu, S.Q., Wei, L.Z., Fang, Z.J., Li, R.W., and Ye, X.Q. (2007, January 2\u20134). Infrared face recognition based on blood perfusion and sub-block dct in wavelet domain. Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"21","article-title":"Thermovision in the diagnosis of nasal and paranasal sinus diseases\u2014Preliminary report","volume":"5","author":"Rapiejko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alergoprofil"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"53","article-title":"Thermal symmetry of the upper and lower extremities in healthy subjects","volume":"22","author":"Vardasca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/55922484","article-title":"Thermographic imaging of facial skin\u2013gender differences and temperature changes over time in healthy subjects","volume":"41","author":"Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Haddad, D.S. (2014). Study of the Thermal Distribution of the Facial Skin Surface by Means of Infravermel Thermography: Thermoanatomy of the Face. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo]."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"221","article-title":"Thermography for the Diagnosis of Acute Inflammation in the Paranasal Sinus","volume":"24","author":"Ishimaru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S183096","article-title":"Thermovision: A new diagnostic method for orofacial pain?","volume":"11","author":"Fricova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-021-00705-y","article-title":"Estimation of resting blood pressure using facial thermal images by separating acute stress variations","volume":"26","author":"Iwashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.1991.11678368","article-title":"Facial thermography, basis, protocol, and clinical value","volume":"9","author":"Weinstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28804-0","article-title":"Transdermal optical imaging revealed different spatiotemporal patterns of facial cardiovascular activities","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2017). Medical Electrical Equipment-Part 2-59: Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Screening Thermographs for Human Febrile Temperature Screening (Standard No. IEC 80601-2-59)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Zhou, Y., Ghassemi, P., McBride, D., Casamento, J.P., and Pfefer, T.J. (2021). Infrared Thermography for Measuring Elevated Body Temperature: Clinical Accuracy, Calibration, and Evaluation. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010215"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2008.931018","article-title":"Remote-sensing infrared thermography","volume":"28","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"67","article-title":"Fever Screening and Infrared Imaging: Concerns and Guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Mercer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-001-0029-3","article-title":"Face Lift Postoperative Recovery","volume":"26","author":"Mottura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Okamoto, R., Bando, S., and Nozawa, A. (2015, January 20\u201322). Evaluation method of physiological state by independent component analysis applied to facial thermal image. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics and Software Science (ICESS2015), Takamatsu, Japan."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002270","article-title":"Getting Better Results in Facelifting","volume":"7","author":"Rohrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3687\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:39:48Z","timestamp":1760135988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19063687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063687","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]]}}}