{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:51:55Z","timestamp":1792133515018,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Institutes of health (3R21HD088169-02S1, and R21HD088169)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Institutes of health (3R21HD088169-02S1, and R21HD088169)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIPHER Grant program of the International AIDS Society","award":["327-EZE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327-EZE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) We examined the hypothesis that in utero\/peripartum antiretroviral (IPA) exposure may affect the likelihood of developmental disorders\u2014i.e., attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and functional impairment (FI). (2) Children and their primary caregivers were enrolled and followed for 12 months. The sample included 250 children perinatally HIV-infected (CPHIV), 250 children HIV-exposed and uninfected (CHEU) of women living with HIV, and 250 children HIV unexposed and uninfected (CHUU) at 6\u201318 years of age. CHEU\u2019s IPA exposure -type was established via medical records and categorized as no IPA, single-dose nevirapine with\/without zidovudine (SdNVP \u00b1 AZT), SdNVP + AZT + Lamivudine (3TC), or combination ART (cART). Developmental disorders were assessed at months 0, 6, and 12 per caregiver response to standardized questions from the third edition of Behavioral Assessment System for Children. Multivariable repeated measures linear regression models estimated standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) according to the IPA exposure type relative to CHUU with adjustment for the dyad\u2019s sociodemographic and psychosocial factors. (3) Relative to the CHUU, outcomes were similar for CPHIV\/CHEU with cART, SdNVP \u00b1 AZT, and no anti-retroviral drug exposure in the peripartum period. For CHEU relative to CHUU, SdNVP + AZT + 3TC exposure was associated with lower resiliency (SMD = \u22120.26, 95% CI: \u22120.49, \u22120.51), and elevated scores on ADHD (SMD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.70), ASD (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.61), and EBD (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.56) probability and functional impairment (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.61) index scores. With the exception of ADHD, the adverse association between SdNVP + AZT + 3TC and outcomes were replicated for CPHIV vs. CHUU. (4) The results provided reassuring evidence that cART exposure in the peripartum period is unlikely to be adversely associated with developmental disorder probability scores in late childhood and adolescent years. However, the peripartum SdNVP + AZT + 3TC exposure associated elevation in developmental disorder probability and functional limitation at 6\u201318 years of life is a concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T13:24:59Z","timestamp":1647869099000},"page":"3725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Developmental Disorder Probability Scores at 6\u201318 Years Old in Relation to In-Utero\/Peripartum Antiretroviral Drug Exposure among Ugandan Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5151-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorem Emmillian","family":"Awadu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Sikorskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Public Health and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority, Kampala 00256, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Coventry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Health Incorporated, Lansing, MI 49085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amara E.","family":"Ezeamama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E67","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30448-6","article-title":"Estimates of the global population of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected, 2000\u20132018: A modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Slogrove","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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