{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T12:54:24Z","timestamp":1782737664469,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the standing trunk extension angle and medial elbow injuries. Subjects and methods: The study participants were 90 male baseball pitchers (10\u201312 years) belonging to youth baseball teams. Pitching elbow injuries were evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon using ultrasound scans and physical examination findings. A single optical three-dimensional motion analysis system was used for the trunk extension measurements, with three-dimensional coordinates captured. The overall, upper, and lower trunk angles were then analyzed. Results: Trunk extension angle during standing trunk extension was significantly smaller among participants who were positive for medial elbow injuries on ultrasound scans (positive: 71.4\u00b0 \u00b1 10.3\u00b0; negative: 75.7\u00b0 \u00b1 9.2\u00b0; t = 2.05, p &lt; 0.05). The upper trunk extension angle was significantly smaller than the lower trunk extension angle among participants who were positive for medial elbow injuries on physical examination (upper: 33.0\u00b0 \u00b1 6.9\u00b0; lower: 41.2\u00b0 \u00b1 8.2\u00b0; t = \u22122.42, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Trunk extension angle during standing trunk extension is associated with medial elbow injuries. Evaluating the trunk extension angle as multiple segments rather than a single rigid body is valuable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:05:18Z","timestamp":1648166718000},"page":"3895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Relationship between Standing Trunk Extension Angle and Medial Elbow Injuries in Young Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Megumi","family":"Gonno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7669-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruo","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machiko","family":"Hiramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3970-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuya","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Morihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00002","article-title":"Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers","volume":"33","author":"Lyman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. 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