{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:56:56Z","timestamp":1775329016438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aseptic meningitis (AM) is a potentially severe and life-threatening disease characterized by meningeal inflammation, usually with mononuclear pleocytosis. It represents a challenging and controversial issue in medicine for multiple etiologies, classification, and difficult diagnosis in the face of nonspecific sets of signs and symptoms. In the area of interest of oral medicine, in specific clusters of patients, even if rare, the occurrence of aseptic meningitis can pose a diagnostic and management dilemma in the following potential etiologies: (i) systemic diseases with oral and meningeal involvement, which include Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease and Sj\u00f6gren syndrome; (ii) drug-induced aseptic meningitis; (iii) aseptic viral meningitis, mostly related to herpes simplex virus infection and hand, foot, and mouth disease, caused by enteroviruses. In this review, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methodologies, incidence, treatment, and prognosis for each of these clinical entities are provided. Furthermore, two illustrative case reports are described: a patient suffering from recurrent oral ulcers, in which a sudden onset of AM allows us to diagnose Neuro Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease, and a patient affected by pemphigus vulgaris, manifesting a drug-induced AM. Exploring this complex clinical entity scenario, it is clear that an oral medicine specialist has a place on any multidisciplinary team in making such a challenging diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1648222281000},"page":"3919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Aseptic Meningitis in Oral Medicine: Exploring the Key Elements for a Challenging Diagnosis: A Review of the Literature and Two Case Reports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4468-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Leuci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Oral Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Oral Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Cantile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Oral Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Calabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Oral Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurenta Lelia","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultatea de Medicina Dentar\u0103, Universitatea Titu Maiorescu, 040051 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele Davide","family":"Mignogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Oral Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00294.x","article-title":"Aseptic meningitis and abducens nerve palsy as a serious side effect of high dose intravenous immunoglobulin used in a patient with renal transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transpl. 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