{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:59:10Z","timestamp":1760151550000,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2016 \/ 08633-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2016 \/ 08633-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cancer is currently a major public health problem worldwide, with a marked increase of about 70% in the number of expected diagnosed cases over the next two decades. The amount of tobacco and alcohol consumed is calculated based on the subjective information provided by the user. Tobacco exposure can be assessed using the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and alcohol consumption by the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Materials and Methods: Forty-eight subjects answered the Fagerstr\u00f6m, and AUDIT tests and we studied them as likely screening tools for oral cancer and their correlation with the expression of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 genes by the RT-qPCR method. Results: There were significant differences in the AUDIT score and CYP1A1 expression between cancer and control groups. Participants in advanced stages, whether due to tumor size or regional metastasis, showed significant differences in the duration of tobacco use, FTCD, AUDIT score, and CYP1A1 expression when compared to patients in early stages. Among subjects without cancer, we found a significant correlation between participant age and GSTP1 expression. Furthermore, the expression of GSTP1 was significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, duration of tobacco use, and FTCD. Conclusions: Questionnaires designed to evaluate the degree of tobacco and alcohol exposure and dependence combined with gene expression tests can be useful to assess the risk of developing oral cancer. Furthermore, raising the awareness of individuals regarding their degree of dependence and encouraging them to participate in cessation programs are important educational measures for the prevention of tobacco-related malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"3991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Fagerstr\u00f6m and AUDIT Tests as Probable Screening Tools in Oral Cancer and Their Correlation with CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1343-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso Muller","family":"Bandeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos\u2014Humanitas, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12220-061, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana \u00c1vila","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f4nica Ghislaine Oliveira","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Technology Research Center (NPT), Universidade Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes 08780-911, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9783-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatriz Nogueira","family":"Pascoal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic College, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Municipal Doutor M\u00e1rio Gatti, Campinas 13036-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco Sales","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic College, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morun Bernardino","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 12602-810, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4885-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Pimentel","family":"de Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7785-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Daumas","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celina Faig Lima","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4596-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janete Dias","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, December 27). 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