{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:09:21Z","timestamp":1788448161734,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Managing hypertension (HPT) remains a significant challenge for humanity. Despite advancements in blood pressure (BP)-measuring systems and the accessibility of effective and safe anti-hypertensive medicines, HPT is a major public health concern. Headaches, dizziness and fainting are common symptoms of HPT. In HPT patients, normalcy may be observed at one instant and abnormality may prevail during a long duration of 24 h ambulatory BP. This may cause difficulty in identifying patients with HPT, and hence there is a possibility that individuals may be untreated or administered insufficiently. Most importantly, uncontrolled HPT can lead to severe complications (stroke, heart attack, kidney disease, and heart failure), mainly ignoring the signs in nascent stages. HPT in the beginning stages may not present distinct symptoms and may be difficult to diagnose from standard physiological signals. Hence, ballistocardiography (BCG) signal was used in this study to detect HPT automatically. The processed signals from BCG were converted into scalogram images using a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and were then fed into a 2-D convolutional neural network model (2D-CNN). The model was trained to learn and recognize BCG patterns of healthy controls (HC) and HPT classes. Our proposed model obtained a high classification accuracy of 86.14% with a ten-fold cross-validation (CV) strategy. Hence, this is the first use of a 2D-CNN model (deep-learning algorithm) to detect HPT employing BCG signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1648590292000},"page":"4014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Automated Detection of Hypertension Using Continuous Wavelet Transform and a Deep Neural Network with Ballistocardiography Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jaypal Singh","family":"Rajput","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad 380026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad 380026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Sudheer","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad 380026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U. Rajendra","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2020.100479","article-title":"A two-stage Deep CNN Architecture for the Classification of Low-risk and High-risk Hypertension Classes using Multi-lead ECG Signals","volume":"21","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, J.S., Sharma, M., and Acharya, U.R. (2019). 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