{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:10:36Z","timestamp":1791958236481,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council: Flagships Awards Project","award":["SAMRC-RFA-IFSP-01-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAMRC-RFA-IFSP-01-2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study describes associations of intimate partner violence (IPV), non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and sexual harassment (SH) exposures with hypertension in South African women aged 18\u201340 years. Baseline data (n = 1742) from the Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation study, including a history of sexual, physical, emotional and economic IPV, NPSV and SH were examined. Hypertension was based on blood pressure \u2265140\/90 mmHg or a previous diagnosis. Logistic regressions were adjusted for traditional hypertension risk factors and previous trauma (e.g., recent rape). Hypertension was more prevalent in women with a history of all forms of IPV, NPSV, and SH, all p \u2264 0.001, compared to women without. Frequent NPSV (adjusted odds ratio: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.27\u20132.67) any SH (2.56; 1.60\u20134.03), frequent physical (1.44; 1.06\u20131.95) and emotional IPV (1.45; 1.06\u20131.98), and greater severity of emotional IPV (1.05; 1.02\u20131.08) were associated with hypertension. Current depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms and\/or alcohol binge-drinking completely or partially mediated these associations. This study shows that exposure to gender-based violence is associated with hypertension in young women. Understanding the role of psychological stress arising from abuse may enable the development of prevention and management strategies for hypertension among women with histories of abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1648590292000},"page":"4026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Associations of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence with Hypertension in South African Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kim Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6138-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naeemah","family":"Abrahams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Jewkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"Office of the Executive Scientist, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibe","family":"Mhlongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Seedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bronwyn","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Garcia-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNDP\/UNFPA\/UNICEF\/WHO\/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esnat","family":"Chirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-131X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Pascal","family":"Kengne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasheeta","family":"Peer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devries, K.M., Mak, J.Y., Bacchus, L.J., Child, J.C., Falder, G., Petzold, M., Astbury, J., and Watts, C.H. 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