{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:31:36Z","timestamp":1790303496701,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to (i) determine the prevalence and distribution of developmental grooves in a young population and (ii) to evaluate the local periodontal conditions. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-one students with a mean age of 22.9 \u00b1 4.7, attending the School of Dentistry and Dental Hygiene of Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (Milan, Italy) were included. The subjects underwent a clinical evaluation by two calibrated examiners. The following clinical parameters were recorded for each site presenting a radicular groove and for each corresponding site on an adjacent tooth used as control: probing pocket depth, plaque index, bleeding on probing, recession depth. Results: The prevalence of radicular grooves at patient and tooth level was 15.9% and 5%, respectively. When compared to control sites, the number of teeth with a radicular groove that presented plaque and bleeding on probing was higher. The logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of radicular grooves was significantly associated with the presence of plaque (OR, 6.14, p &lt; 0.001) and of bleeding on probing (OR, 2.91, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The presence of radicular grooves increases the possibility of developing gingival inflammation by acting as a plaque retentive factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1648590292000},"page":"4047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence and Periodontal Conditions of Developmental Grooves in an Italian School of Dentistry and Dental Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Laura","family":"Di Domenico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Fabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7277-6583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Cappar\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Sberna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"de Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","article-title":"Experimental Gingivitis in Man","volume":"36","author":"Theilade","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01487.x","article-title":"Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age","volume":"13","author":"Loe","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.8.1006","article-title":"The Natural History of Periodontal Disease in Man. Risk Factors for Progression of Attachment Loss in Individuals Receiving No Oral Health Care","volume":"72","author":"Neely","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12940","article-title":"Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.01.018","article-title":"A new computational method for automatic dental measurement: The case of maxillary central incisor","volume":"70","author":"Bernardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"356","article-title":"Association between root taper and root proximity of single-rooted teeth with periodontitis: A cone-beam computed tomographybased study","volume":"110","author":"Arsan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1990.61.3.197","article-title":"The Association Between Palatal Grooves in Upper Incisors and Periodontal Complications","volume":"61","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.9.859","article-title":"Root Grooves: A Risk Factor in Periodontal Attachment Loss","volume":"65","author":"Leknes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2007.05.007","article-title":"Labial cervical vertical groove (LCVG) distribution and morphometric characteristics","volume":"52","author":"Shpack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.6.352","article-title":"The Disto-lingual Groove in the Maxillary Lateral Incisor; A Periodontal Hazard","volume":"43","author":"Everett","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1986.57.4.231","article-title":"The Prevalence, Location and Conformation of Palato-Radicular Grooves in Maxillary Incisors","volume":"57","author":"Kogon","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1981.52.1.41","article-title":"The Relationship of Palato-Gingival Grooves to Localized Periodontal Disease","volume":"52","author":"Withers","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.02.008","article-title":"Morphometric study of length and grooves of maxillary lateral incisor roots","volume":"51","author":"Storrer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"281","article-title":"Labial-cervical-vertical groove in maxillary permanent incisors--prevalence, severity, and affected soft tissue","volume":"36","author":"Mass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"369","article-title":"Treatment options for the radicular lingual groove: A review and discussion","volume":"10","author":"Gound","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pract. Periodontics Aesthetic Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.12.025","article-title":"Palatal Radicular Groove Morphology of the Maxillary Incisors: A Case Series Report","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.003","article-title":"Collaborative Management of Combined Periodontal-endodontic Lesions with a Palatogingival Groove: A Case Series","volume":"43","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"142","article-title":"Management of an Endodontic-Periodontal Lesion in a Maxillary Lateral Incisor with Palatal Radicular Groove: A Case Report","volume":"11","author":"Sooratgar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.10.009","article-title":"Combined Endodontic Therapy and Intentional Replantation for the Treatment of Palatogingival Groove","volume":"42","author":"Garrido","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2738569","article-title":"Treatment of a Developmental Groove and Supernumerary Root Using Guided Tissue Regeneration Technique","volume":"2016","author":"Tabari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"110","article-title":"Palatogingival Groove: Recognizing and Managing the Hidden Tract in a Maxillary Incisor: A Case Report","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.08.008","article-title":"Combined Endodontic-Periodontal Treatment of a Palatogingival Groove","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2015.40.2.166","article-title":"Surgical management with intentional replantation on a tooth with palato-radicular groove","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050333","article-title":"The Papilla Amplification Flap for the Treatment of a Localized Periodontal Defect Associated With a Palatal Groove","volume":"77","author":"Zucchelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"11","article-title":"Study of the incidence of radicular grooves in maxillary incisors","volume":"3","author":"Filho","year":"1992","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"154","article-title":"Relationship between palate-radicular groove and periodontal health in maxillary lateral incisors","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. Oral Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"424","article-title":"Prevalence of palate-gingival groove in maxillary lateral incisors","volume":"31","author":"Iqbal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. Oral Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00715.x","article-title":"Relationship between palato-radicular grooves and localized periodontitis","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"14","article-title":"Palato-gingival grooves in maxillary incisors. A possible predisposing factor to localised periodontal disease","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12951","article-title":"Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Jepsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.16-0569","article-title":"Dental prostheses and tooth-related factors","volume":"89","author":"Ercoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4047\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:45:40Z","timestamp":1760136340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19074047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]}}}