{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:15:35Z","timestamp":1793124935556,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Uni Europa\u2013The European Global Services Union","award":["Project VS\/2019\/0440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project VS\/2019\/0440"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Exposure to hazardous chemicals released during hairdressing activities from hair care products puts hairdressers at risk of adverse health effects. Safety assessments of hair products are mainly focused on consumers, but exposure for professional hairdressers might be substantially higher. Objective: To identify and assess available research data on inhalation exposures of professional hairdressers. Methods: A systematic search of studies between 1 January 2000 and 30 April 2021 was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and in Cochrane registry, toxicological dossiers of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission as well as the German MAK Commission. Studies reporting quantitative data on airborne concentrations of chemicals in the hairdresser\u2019s workplace were considered. The outcome was an airborne concentration of chemicals in the working environment, which was compared, when possible, with current occupational exposure limits (OEL) or guidance levels. Results: In total, 23 studies performed in 14 countries were included. The average number of hairdressing salons per study was 22 (range 1\u201362). Chemicals most frequently measured were formaldehyde (n = 8), ammonia (n = 5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) (n = 5), and toluene (n = 4). More than fifty other chemicals were measured in one to three studies, including various aromatic and aliphatic organic solvents, hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, and particulate matter. Most studies reported environmental air concentrations, while personal exposure was measured only in seven studies. The measured air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeded OEL or guidance values in some studies. There was large variability in measuring conditions and reported air concentrations differed strongly within and between studies. Conclusion: Hairdressers are exposed to a wide spectrum of hazardous chemicals, often simultaneously. Airborne concentrations of pollutants depend on salon characteristics such as ventilation and the number of customers but also on used products that are often country- or client-specific. For exposure to formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeding OELs or guidance values for indoor air was observed. Therefore, occupational exposure should be taken into account by safety regulations for hair care products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:33:03Z","timestamp":1648762383000},"page":"4176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Occupational Exposure of Hairdressers to Airborne Hazardous Chemicals: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sanja","family":"Kezic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9000-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Babi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hallmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Havmose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne D.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5406-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swen M.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabr\u00fcck University, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabr\u00fcck University, 10777 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Macan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4090-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara","family":"Symanzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabr\u00fcck University, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabr\u00fcck University, 10777 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Uter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Weinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabr\u00fcck University, 10777 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5876-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajka","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Macan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0719-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henk F.","family":"van der Molen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EUROSTAT (2021, October 25). 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