{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T03:06:35Z","timestamp":1783047995730,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Foundation for International Healthcare","award":["Lee Jong-wook Fellowship Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lee Jong-wook Fellowship Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. We analyzed the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 2015 to 2016. The study included 8189 women aged 15\u201349 years. The relationship between various factors and LARC use was determined through various analyses. Among women with a partner\/husband, 7.27% used LARCs, 21.07% were grand multiparous, and 20.56% did not desire more children. Women aged 36\u201349 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)-2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11\u20133.96), who completed secondary education (AOR-1.64, 95% CI: 1.05\u20132.55), who did not desire more children (AOR-2.28, 95% CI: 1.53\u20133.41), with a partner with primary level education (AOR-2.02, 95% CI: 1.34\u20133.02), or living in richer households (AOR-1.60, 95% CI: 1.12\u20132.27) were more likely to use LARCs. Further, women with a partner who wanted more children were less likely to use LARCs (AOR-0.69, 95% CI: 0.54\u20130.90). Tanzania has a low LARC usage rate. Women\u2019s age, wife and partner\u2019s education status, couple\u2019s desire for more children, and household wealth index influenced the use of LARCs, highlighting the need to reach more couples of lower socioeconomic status to improve LARC utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T21:22:39Z","timestamp":1648848159000},"page":"4206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Low Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives in Tanzania: Evidence from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Amani Idris","family":"Kikula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candida","family":"Moshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naku","family":"Makoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-0691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8090-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Barnabas","family":"Pembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.08.008","article-title":"A definition of modern contraceptive methods","volume":"92","author":"Hubacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2018). World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO\/RHR) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health\/Center for Communication Programs (CCP). Knowledge for Health Project. Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.06.023","article-title":"A Cost Effectiveness Model of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods in the Brazilian National Health System","volume":"62","author":"Farah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, December 20). Tanzania Could See Big Returns on Family Planning Investments. Available online: https:\/\/www.intrahealth.org\/vital\/tanzania-could-see-big-returns-family-planning-investments."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2018.01.009","article-title":"Cost of unintended pregnancy in Sweden\u2014A possibility to lower costs by increasing LARC usage","volume":"97","author":"Engstrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, April 15). Increasing Access to Contraception Resources from States, Partners, and ASTHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.astho.org\/Maternal-and-Child-Health\/Increasing-Access-to-Contraception-Resources-from-States-Partners-and-ASTHO\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, September 21). Tanzania, Family Planning 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.familyplanning2020.org\/tanzania."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1911063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.11063","article-title":"Cost minimization analysis of same-day long-acting reversible contraception for adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.55692","article-title":"Profile of intrauterine contraceptive device acceptors at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Abasiattai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Branum, A.M., and Jones, J. (2015). Trends in long-acting reversible contraception use among U.S. Women aged 15\u201344. NCHS Data Brief, National Center for Health Statistics."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adedini, S.A., Omisakin, O.A., and Somefun, O.D. (2019). Trends, patterns and determinants of long-acting reversible methods of contraception among women in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217574"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Daniels, K., and Abma, J.C. (2018). Current Contraceptive Status among Women Aged 15\u201349: United States, 2015\u20132017, National Center for Health Statistics. NCHS Data Brief, No. 327."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v12n3p110","article-title":"The utilization of long-acting reversible contraception and associated factors among women in Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Gayatri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2020, November 22). Female Education: A Solution for a Crowded Planet. Available online: https:\/\/www.thesolutionsjournal.com\/article\/female-education-a-solution-for-a-crowded-planet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2307\/2648043","article-title":"Husbands\u2019 versus wives\u2019 fertility goals and use of contraception: The influence of gender context in five Asian countries","volume":"37","author":"Mason","year":"2000","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari, R., Pokhrel, K.N., Gabrielle, N., and Amatya, A. (2019). Long acting reversible contraception use and associated factors among married women of reproductive age in Nepal. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214590"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0010-2","article-title":"Influence of a husband\u2019s healthcare decision making role on a woman\u2019s intention to use contraceptives among Mozambican women","volume":"12","author":"Mboane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender E and C (MoHCDGEC) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF (2016). Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2015\u20132016."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Population Reference Bureau (2015). Youth Reproductive Health: Satisfying Unmet Need for Family Planning, Population Reference Bureau."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Clifton, D., and Kaneda, T. (2013). Family Planning Worldwide 2013 Data Sheet, Population Reference Bureau."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Staveteig, S., Mallick, L., and Winter, R. (2015). Uptake and Discontinuation of Long\u2014Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs) in Low-Income Countries, ICF International. DHS Analytical Studies No. 54."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E227","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30481-9","article-title":"Contraceptive use in Latin America and the Caribbean with a focus on long-acting reversible contraceptives: Prevalence and inequalities in 23 countries","volume":"7","author":"Ewerling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, December 20). Use of Highly Effective Contraceptives in the U.S. Continues to Rise, with Likely Implications for Declines in Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion. Available online: https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/article\/2014\/12\/use-highly-effective-contraceptives-us-continues-rise-likely-implications-declines."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.02.014","article-title":"Predictors of long-acting reversible contraception use among unmarried young adults","volume":"206","author":"Dempsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.08.021","article-title":"Dedicated providers of long-acting reversible contraception: New approach in Zambia","volume":"83","author":"Neukom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.05.001","article-title":"Provider and health system factors associated with usage of long-acting reversible contraception in adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00931-w","article-title":"Socio-demographic and economic inequalities in modern contraception in 11 low- and middle-income countries: An analysis of the PMA2020 surveys","volume":"17","author":"Blumenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.11564\/28-0-554","article-title":"Women\u2019s education, empowerment, and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from recent demographic and health surveys","volume":"28","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. Popul. Stud."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, December 20). Measure Evaluation. Women and Girls\u2019 Status and Empowerment. Available online: https:\/\/measureevaluation.org\/prh\/rh_indicators\/gender\/wgse."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge and factors influencing long-acting reversible contraceptives use among women of reproductive age in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Bolarinwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.04.002","article-title":"Trends and determinants of use of long-acting reversible contraception use amonyoung women in France: Results from three national surveys conducted between 2000 and 2010","volume":"100","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.02.016","article-title":"Providing long-acting reversible contraception services in Seattle school-based health centers: Key themes for facilitating implementation","volume":"56","author":"Gilmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-018-0059-8","article-title":"High parity predicts use of long-acting reversible contraceptives in the extended postpartum period among women in rural Uganda","volume":"3","author":"Anguzu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contracept. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemayehu, M., Kalayu, A., Desta, A., Gebremichael, H., Hagos, T., and Yebyo, H. (2015). Rural women are more likely to use long acting contraceptive in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia: A comparative community-based cross sectional study. BMC Women\u2019 Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0229-7"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, K., Reddy, S., and Getachew, B. (2015). Unmet need of long-acting and permanent family planning methods among women in the reproductive age group in shashemene town, Oromia region, Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Women\u2019 Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0209-y"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjph.20150301.33","article-title":"Determinants of long acting contraceptive use among reproductive age women in Ethiopia: Evidence from EDHS 2011","volume":"3","author":"Teferra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2","article-title":"Factors affecting intention to use long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married women of reproductive age groups in Western Ethiopia: A community based cross sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Tekelab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fam. Med. Med. Sci. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:48:16Z","timestamp":1760136496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19074206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}}}