{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1782278631256,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban greenspace provides opportunities for outdoor exercise and may increase physical activity, with accompanying health benefits. Areas suitable for walking (walkability) are also associated with increased physical activity, but interactions with greenspace are poorly understood. We investigated associations of walkability and green walkability with physical activity in an urban adult cohort. We used cross-sectional data from Greater London UK Biobank participants (n = 57,726) and assessed walkability along roads and footpaths within 1000 m of their residential addresses. Additionally, we assessed green walkability by integrating trees and low-lying vegetation into the walkability index. Physical activity outcomes included self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity and active transport. We assessed associations using log-linear, logistic and linear regression models, adjusted for individual- and area-level confounders. Higher green walkability was associated with favourable International Physical Activity Questionnaire responses and achievement of weekly UK government physical activity guideline recommendations. Participants living in the highest versus lowest quintile of green walkability participated in 2.41 min (95% confidence intervals: 0.22, 4.60) additional minutes of moderate-and-vigorous physical activity per day. Higher walkability and green walkability scores were also associated with choosing active transport modes such as walking and cycling. Our green walkability approach demonstrates the utility in accounting for walkability and greenspace simultaneously to understand the role of the built environment on physical activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T02:59:52Z","timestamp":1648954792000},"page":"4247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Green Walkability and Physical Activity in UK Biobank: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Adults in Greater London"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9169-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Roscoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Landmark Center, Floor 3 West, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7014-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Geneshka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Vineis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gulliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7LW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Fecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.04.012","article-title":"Active Travel to Work and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the United Kingdom","volume":"45","author":"Laverty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2018). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030: More Active People for a Healthier World, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-015-0043-7","article-title":"A Review of the Health Benefits of Greenness","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000549","article-title":"Fifty Shades of Green: Pathway to Healthy Urban Living","volume":"28","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo, M.C., Fluehr, J.M., McKeon, T., and Branas, C.C. (2018). Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030445"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maas, J., Verheij, R.A., Spreeuwenberg, P., and Groenewegen, P.P. (2008). Physical activity as a possible mechanism behind the relationship between green space and health: A multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-206"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.027","article-title":"Green space definition affects associations of green space with overweight and physical activity","volume":"160","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109899","article-title":"Urban nature and physical activity: Investigating associations using self-reported and accelerometer data and the role of household income","volume":"190","author":"Garrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058701","article-title":"The development of a walkability index: Application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study","volume":"44","author":"Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-43","article-title":"International variation in neighborhood walkability, transit, and recreation environments using geographic information systems: The IPEN adult study","volume":"13","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01284-2","article-title":"Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: A cross-sectional study","volume":"387","author":"Sallis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stockton, J.C., Duke-Williams, O., Stamatakis, E., Mindell, J.S., Brunner, E.J., and Shelton, N.J. (2016). Development of a novel walkability index for London, United Kingdom: Cross-sectional application to the Whitehall II Study. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3012-2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.06.013","article-title":"Exploring associations between urban green, street design and walking: Results from the Greater London boroughs","volume":"143","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109388","article-title":"Quiet, clean, green, and active: A Navigation Guide systematic review of the impacts of spatially correlated urban exposures on a range of physical health outcomes","volume":"185","author":"Rugel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000724","article-title":"Interrelationships Between Walkability, Air Pollution, Greenness, and Body Mass Index","volume":"28","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087025","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1279","article-title":"Association of Long-Term Exposure to Transportation Noise and Traffic-Related Air Pollution with the Incidence of Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"125","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3971","article-title":"Influence of the Urban Exposome on Birth Weight","volume":"127","author":"Agier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1308049","article-title":"Residential Greenness and Birth Outcomes: Evaluating the Influence of Spatially Correlated Built-Environment Factors","volume":"122","author":"Hystad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106960","article-title":"Associations of residential walkability and greenness with arterial stiffness in the UK Biobank","volume":"158","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.05.016","article-title":"Residential greenness and adiposity: Findings from the UK Biobank","volume":"106","author":"Sarkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudlow, C., Gallacher, J., Allen, N., Beral, V., Burton, P., Danesh, J., Downey, P., Elliott, P., Green, J., and Landray, M. (2015). UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, February 27). IPAQ Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)\u2014Short and Long Forms. Available online: https:\/\/biobank.ctsu.ox.ac.uk\/crystal\/crystal\/docs\/ipaq_analysis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"UK Chief Medical Officers (2019). UK Chief Medical Officers\u2019 Physical Activity Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doherty, A., Jackson, D., Hammerla, N., Pl\u00f6tz, T., Olivier, P., Granat, M.H., White, T., van Hees, V.T., Trenell, M.I., and Owen, C.G. (2017). Large Scale Population Assessment of Physical Activity Using Wrist Worn Accelerometers: The UK Biobank Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0120-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of habitual physical activity in over 377,000 UK Biobank participants identifies multiple variants including CADM2 and APOE","volume":"42","author":"Klimentidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.10.024","article-title":"Characteristics of the environment and physical activity in midlife: Findings from UK Biobank","volume":"118","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz148","article-title":"Physical activity of UK adults with chronic disease: Cross-sectional analysis of accelerometer-measured physical activity in 96 706 UK Biobank participants","volume":"48","author":"Barker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.02.003","article-title":"Effects of buffer size and shape on associations between the built environment and energy balance","volume":"27","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-41","article-title":"Comparing circular and network buffers to examine the influence of land use on walking for leisure and errands","volume":"6","author":"Oliver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, February 25). Digimap\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/digimap.edina.ac.uk\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, February 25). ONS Postcode Headcounts and Household Estimates-2011 Census. Available online: https:\/\/www.nomisweb.co.uk\/census\/2011\/postcode_headcounts_and_household_estimates."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2022, February 25). The GeoInformation Group Verisk. Available online: https:\/\/www.verisk.com\/en-gb\/3d-visual-intelligence\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Department for Communities and Local Government (2015). The English Indices of Deprivation 2015 Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"j1456","article-title":"Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: Prospective cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Lyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Start active, stay active: A report on physical activity from the four home countries","volume":"16306","author":"Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chief Med. Off."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097563","article-title":"How does light-intensity physical activity associate with adult cardiometabolic health and mortality? Systematic review with meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies","volume":"53","author":"Chastin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0724-0","article-title":"Health Benefits of Light-Intensity Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of Accelerometer Data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)","volume":"47","author":"Engeroff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094306","article-title":"Even a low-dose of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduces mortality by 22% in adults aged \u226560 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Hupin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098733","article-title":"Objectively measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and all-cause mortality in older men: Does volume of activity matter more than pattern of accumulation?","volume":"53","author":"Jefferis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007064","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007064","article-title":"Both Light Intensity and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Measured by Accelerometry Are Favorably Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Older Women: The Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (OPACH) Study","volume":"6","author":"LaMonte","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(16)30006-8","article-title":"Change in commute mode and body-mass index: Prospective, longitudinal evidence from UK Biobank","volume":"1","author":"Flint","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.12.005","article-title":"Unpacking walkability indices and their inherent assumptions","volume":"55","author":"Shashank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:48:50Z","timestamp":1760136530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19074247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]}}}