{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:51:17Z","timestamp":1777384277364,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI15C3153, HI19C0481, HC20C0157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI15C3153, HI19C0481, HC20C0157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018688","name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-ER0605-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ER0605-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identification of possible sarcopenia, which is a simple assessment of sarcopenia, has been proposed for the earlier detection of sarcopenia in primary care settings; however, there are no studies comparing the differences in characteristics of older adults with possible sarcopenia or sarcopenia. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of \u201cpossible sarcopenia\u201d in real-world primary care and \u201csarcopenia\u201d in research settings. A total of 2129 older adults were enrolled from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia were defined using Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019; the possible sarcopenia for real-world primary care was defined by a combination of case findings using low calf circumference or the SARC-F questionnaire and 5-times chair stand test, without considering the measurement of handgrip strength. The prevalence of possible sarcopenia was higher in women than in men; however, that of sarcopenia was higher in men than in women (all, p &lt; 0.001). Older men and women with possible sarcopenia had a lower education level, longer time taken for the Timed Up and Go test, more severe mobility limitation, lower scores on the EuroQol-5 dimension and 12-item short-form survey for physical health, and more cognitive dysfunction than those with sarcopenia did (all, p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the participants with possible sarcopenia differed from those with sarcopenia in some characteristics. Identifying differences in characteristics may be helpful to screening and earlier diagnosis of sarcopenia in real-world primary care, as well as in research, which can lay the foundations for personalized lifestyle intervention in diet and exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T05:50:43Z","timestamp":1649051443000},"page":"4312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Differences in Characteristics between Older Adults Meeting Criteria for Sarcopenia and Possible Sarcopenia: From Research to Primary Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hyung Eun","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0852-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, College of Medicine, East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Won","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elderly Frailty Research Center, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0161-y","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: Facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014","volume":"5","author":"Morley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x","article-title":"The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14314","article-title":"Common and different characteristics among combinations of physical frailty and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0132-3","article-title":"From sarcopenia to frailty: A road less traveled","volume":"5","author":"Morley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2013.02.009","article-title":"Sarcopenia: A useful paradigm for physical frailty","volume":"4","author":"Michel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12147","article-title":"Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia","volume":"7","author":"Anker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudart, C., McCloskey, E., Bruy\u00e8re, O., Cesari, M., Rolland, Y., Rizzoli, R., Araujo de Carvalho, I., Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan, J., Bautmans, I., and Berti\u00e8re, M.C. (2016). Sarcopenia in daily practice: Assessment and management. Bmc Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0349-4"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14182","article-title":"Clinical features of 65-year-old individuals in Japan diagnosed with possible sarcopenia based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria","volume":"21","author":"Miura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104484","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of sarcopenia by \u201cpossible sarcopenia\u201d premiered by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 definition","volume":"97","author":"Ueshima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035573","article-title":"Korean frailty and aging cohort study (KFACS): Cohort profile","volume":"10","author":"Won","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12384","article-title":"Comparison of segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body composition in a community-dwelling older population","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.07.006","article-title":"Validation of the Korean Version of the SARC-F Questionnaire to Assess Sarcopenia: Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12048","article-title":"SARC-F: A symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2015.05.003","article-title":"Physical frailty predicts medical expenses in community-dwelling, elderly patients: Three-year prospective findings from living profiles of older people surveys in Korea","volume":"6","author":"Son","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1005-9","article-title":"Nutritional Status and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Korean Adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.01.004","article-title":"Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients","volume":"57","author":"Bae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704101094","article-title":"A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. Jins"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.40198.x","article-title":"Differences in leisure-time, household, and work-related physical activity by race, ethnicity, and education","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.048306","article-title":"Educational differences in mobility: The contribution of physical workload, obesity, smoking and chronic conditions","volume":"61","author":"Sainio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01838-7","article-title":"SARC-F as a case-finding tool in sarcopenia: Valid or unnecessary?","volume":"33","author":"Malas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1621","article-title":"Functional status, life-space mobility, and quality of life: A longitudinal mediation analysis","volume":"22","author":"Bentley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res. Int. J. Qual. Life Asp. Treat. Care Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0299-0","article-title":"Mobility predicts change in older adults\u2019 health-related quality of life: Evidence from a Vancouver falls prevention prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000136","article-title":"The Relationship Between Mobility Dysfunction Staging and Global Cognitive Performance","volume":"30","author":"Tolea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"417","article-title":"Predictive Cutoff Values of the Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test and the Timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d Test for Disability Incidence in Older People Dwelling in the Community","volume":"97","author":"Makizako","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kim, M., and Won, C.W. (2021). Cut Points of Chair Stand Test for Poor Physical Function and Its Association With Adverse Health Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Bautista, E., Barreto, P.S., Salinas-Rodriguez, A., Manrique Espinoza, B., Sourdet, S., Rolland, Y., Rodriguez-Ma\u00f1as, L., Andrieu, S., and Vellas, B. (2022). Development and validation of a cut-off for the chair stand test as a screening for mobility impairment in the context of the integrated care for older people (ICOPE) program. J. Gerontol. Ser. ABiol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02126.x","article-title":"Added value of physical performance measures in predicting adverse health-related events: Results from the Health, Aging And Body Composition Study","volume":"57","author":"Cesari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.103.1.215-222","article-title":"Reference values for the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: A descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders","volume":"103","author":"Bohannon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cut-off points of waist circumference for defining abdominal obesity in the Korean population","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Korean J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.09.018","article-title":"The combination of dynapenia and abdominal obesity as a risk factor for worse trajectories of IADL disability among older adults","volume":"37","author":"Alexandre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Han, K., Song, J.J., Im, G.J., and Chae, S.W. (2016). Sarcopenia and Hearing Loss in Older Koreans: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150281"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1147-9","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study of the Association between Arterial Stiffness and Sarcopenia in Chinese Community-Dwelling Elderly Using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia Criteria","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galenkamp, H., Stronks, K., Mokkink, L.B., and Derks, E.M. (2018). Measurement invariance of the SF-12 among different demographic groups: The HELIUS study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203483"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: Prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Fielding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The FNIH sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz091","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults using the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2: Findings from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.04.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of sex differences prevalence, incidence and severity of osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Srikanth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4103\/jmh.JMH_157_18","article-title":"Menopause and Osteoarthritis: Any Association?","volume":"9","author":"Mahajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mid-Life Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.025","article-title":"Kinematics and knee muscle activation during sit-to-stand movement in women with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"30","author":"Bouchouras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.09.026","article-title":"Association between chair stand strategy and mobility limitations in older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis","volume":"94","author":"Segal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, R., Hardy, R., Aihie Sayer, A., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Birnie, K., Cooper, C., Craig, L., Deary, I.J., Demakakos, P., and Gallacher, J. (2011). Age and gender differences in physical capability levels from mid-life onwards: The harmonisation and meta-analysis of data from eight UK cohort studies. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027899"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"30232","article-title":"Thereza Maria Magalhaes Moreira, Jarbas S Roriz. Prevalence and risk factors associated with sarcopenia in elderly patients: A systematic review","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1399","article-title":"Determinants of serum total and free testosterone levels in women over the age of 65 years","volume":"92","author":"Cappola","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-06-0714","article-title":"In men older than 70 years, total testosterone remains stable while free testosterone declines with age. The Health in Men Study","volume":"156","author":"Yeap","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"SARC-F Is Inaccurate to Identify Geriatric Rehabilitation Inpatients at Risk for Sarcopenia: RESORT","volume":"68","author":"Dedeyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104290","article-title":"Calf circumference value for sarcopenia screening among older adults with stroke","volume":"93","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1575922","article-title":"What is the optimal chair stand test protocol for older adults? A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Mehmet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.1729","article-title":"The Reference Values for the Chair Stand Test in Healthy Japanese Older People: Determination by Meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Nakazono","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324942","article-title":"Is chair rise performance a useful measure of leg power?","volume":"22","author":"Hardy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-016-0100-z","article-title":"Relationship between performances of 10-time-repeated sit-to-stand and maximal walking tests in non-disabled older women","volume":"36","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264313475813","article-title":"Performance on five times sit-to-stand task as a predictor of subsequent falls and disability in older persons","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:49:32Z","timestamp":1760136572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19074312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]}}}