{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:14:41Z","timestamp":1785734081715,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) as new types of contaminants are discharged into the environment, increasing the risk of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, few researchers have examined the impacts of airborne ARB deactivation on HGT risk. The deactivation of airborne Escherichia coli 10667 (carrying sul genes) and the emission and removal of ARGs were mainly investigated in this study. Moreover, the potential mechanisms of HGT and transfer frequencies under microwave (MW) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were investigated using the nonresistant E. coli GMCC 13373 and E. coli DH5\u03b1 with plasmid RP4 as the recipient and donor, respectively. E. coli CICC 10667 and E. coli DH5\u03b1 with RP4 plasmid achieve log inactivation values as high as 5.5-log and 5.0-log, respectively, which were quite different from the antibiotic-sensitive strain E. coli CGMCC 13373 (3.4-log) subjected to MW irradiation. For UV disinfection, E. coli DH5\u03b1 with the RP4 plasmid was reduced at 4.4-log, E. coli CGMCC 13373 was reduced at 2.3-log, and E. coli CICC 10667 was inactivated at 2.1-log. The removal rates of ARGs and HGT frequencies under MW irradiation were compared with those under UV irradiation. The ARGs removal efficiency (85.5%) obtained by MW was higher than that obtained by UV (48.2%). Consequently, the HGT frequency (0.008) of airborne ARGs released to the recipient (forward transfer) decreased and was lower than that under UV irradiation (0.014). Moreover, the plasmid RP4 was transferred from the donor to the surviving damaged E. coli 10667 as cell permeability (reverse transfer) was increased at a high HGT frequency (0.003) by MW, which was close to the value by UV (0.002). Additionally, sul1 and sul2 genes were confirmed to be more resistant to MW than the sul3 gene. These findings reveal the mechanism of HGT between damaged E. coli 10667 and surrounding environmental microbes. Microwave is a promising technology for disinfecting airborne microbes and preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T09:49:41Z","timestamp":1649065781000},"page":"4332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mechanism for Reducing the Horizontal Transfer Risk of the Airborne Antibiotic-Resistant Genes of Escherichia coli Species through Microwave or UV Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azhar Ali","family":"Laghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dildar Hussain","family":"Kalhoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Hyderabad 70050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159483","article-title":"Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Natural Environments","volume":"321","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00729","article-title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibiotics Emission and Fate in the River Basins of China: Source Analysis, Multimedia Modeling, and Linkage to Bacterial Resistance","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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