{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:59:13Z","timestamp":1760151553643,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Taiwan, the national research on homicide is rare, mostly discussing the issue of child abuse. We sought to better understand the characteristics and risk factors of homicide through a retrospective cohort study from 1998 to 2015. \u201cChild battering and other maltreatment\u201d ranked first for the 0\u20134 age group and second for the 5\u201314 age group. The hospital mortality was 511 deaths. We found that the 25\u201344 age group had the highest risk and accounted for 44.76% of hospitalization. The most common causes were \u201cfight, brawl, and rape\u201d (49.12%), \u201ccutting and piercing instruments,\u201d (13.16%) and \u201cchild battering and other forms of maltreatment\u201d (4.72%). Additionally, the percentages of \u201cfight, brawl, and rape,\u201d \u201cfirearms and explosives,\u201d and \u201ccutting and piercing instruments\u201d were significantly higher among males than among females. The percentages of \u201changing and strangulation,\u201d \u201ccorrosive or caustic substance,\u201d \u201cchild battering and other maltreatment,\u201d \u201csubmersion,\u201d and \u201cpoisoning\u201d were significantly higher among females than males. Factors associated with homicide in-hospital mortality included gender, age, low income, catastrophic disease, Charlson comorbidity index score, urbanization level, hospital level, classification of hospitalization, and surgery. Overall, the trend of hospitalization rates due to homicide decreased both by gender and age group, except for the 0\u20134 age group: cause of homicide first, hanging and strangulation second, firearms and explosives third; type of injury, hospitalized patients with \u201cvascular injuries\u201d first, joint and muscle sprain, and intracranial, chest, and abdominal pelvic injuries second, and \u201cburns\u201d third with a higher risk of death. Homicide reduction requires a comprehensive strategy beyond specific victim groups. Interagency collaboration should be strengthened, especially between law enforcement\/criminal justice and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T06:01:34Z","timestamp":1649138494000},"page":"4341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends in Homicide Hospitalization and Mortality in Taiwan, 1998\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shih-Chun","family":"Hsing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthcare Quality Management, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11220, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chu-Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11220, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9304-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Ching","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing-Long","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4576-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Hsiang","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-An","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Big Data Research Center, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3286-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu-Chien","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwo-Jang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, January 06). World Health Organization Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/violence\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, February 15). World Health Organization Report. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/violence-info\/homicide\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, January 18). World Health Organization Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/violence\/8th_milestones_meeting\/Eisner_Preventing_homicide.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"BJS (2021, September 18). Criminal Victimization, Available online: https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=7046."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, September 15). Fatal Injury Data. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/fatal.html."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00480","article-title":"The effects of violence on health","volume":"38","author":"Rivara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12205","article-title":"The effect of local area crime on mental health","volume":"126","author":"Dustmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1986.tb01498.x","article-title":"Stitch and sew: The impact of medical resources upon criminally induced lethality","volume":"24","author":"Doerner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00837.x","article-title":"The impact of medical resources on criminally induced lethality: A further examination","volume":"26","author":"Doerner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/108876790200600203","article-title":"Murder and medicine: The lethality of criminal assault 1960\u20131999","volume":"6","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Homicide Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/1088767920916900","article-title":"Rushing gunshot victims to trauma care: The influence of first responders and the challenge of the geography","volume":"24","author":"Hatten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Homicide Stud."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40163-020-00124-7","article-title":"Too far for comfort? Situational access to emergency medical care and violent assault lethality","volume":"9","author":"Summers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crime Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"47","article-title":"Homicide Mortality Trends by Sex, Age and Cause in Taiwan, 1986-2007","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chung Shan Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"174","article-title":"Translated title of the contribution: Injury Mortality Trends in Taiwan, 1986\u20132007","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Taipei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"22","article-title":"Trends in child and adolescent injury mortality in Taiwan, 1986\u20132006","volume":"29","author":"Chien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, January 13). Health and Welfare Data Science Center, Available online: https:\/\/dep.mohw.gov.tw\/DOS\/np-2497-113.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"United Nations (2022, January 20). Global Study on Homicide. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/global-study-on-homicide.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_158_20","article-title":"Head and Face Injuries in Brazilian Homicide Victims\u2014A Retrospective Study","volume":"11","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-021-00345-7","article-title":"Examining differences between mass, multiple, and single-victim homicides to inform prevention: Findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System","volume":"8","author":"Fowler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7502.1221","article-title":"Reducing knife crime","volume":"330","author":"Hern","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802413496409","article-title":"Kitchen knives and homicide: A systematic study of people charged with murder in the Lothian and Borders region of Scotland","volume":"54","author":"Kidd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00230-3","article-title":"Homicide by sharp force in two Scandinavian capitals","volume":"109","author":"Rogde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Huss, M.T. (2013). Forensic Psychology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.012658","article-title":"Homicide of children aged 0\u20134 years, 2003\u201304: System results from the National Violent Death Reporting","volume":"12","author":"Bennett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.01.011","article-title":"Intra- and extra-familial child homicide in Sweden 1992\u20132012: A population-based study","volume":"39","author":"Hedlund","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Forensic Legal Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2004.05.001","article-title":"Victimiologic study of female homicide","volume":"6","author":"Mohanty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Legal Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S353","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300029","article-title":"Gender disparities in injury mortality: Consistent, persistent, and larger than you\u2019d think","volume":"101","author":"Sorenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)90059-0","article-title":"Intentional and unintentional injuries in women an overview","volume":"4","author":"Dannenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v23n01_02","article-title":"Injuries to women in the United States: An overview","volume":"23","author":"Schnitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.02.012","article-title":"Cross-national injury mortality differentials by income level: The possible role of age and ageing","volume":"122","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, January 15). Drowning. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/drowning."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Dunn, R.J., Sukhija, K., and Lopez, R.A. (2021). Strangulation Injuries, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Investigation (2022, February 18). NICS_Firearm_Checks_Top_10_Highest_Days_Weeks, Available online: https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/nics_firearm_checks_top_10_highest_days_weeks.pdf\/view."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30469","DOI":"10.5812\/traumamon.30469","article-title":"Assessment of Vascular Injuries and Reconstruction","volume":"20","author":"Baghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trauma Mon."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(06)80012-2","article-title":"Management of Vascular Injuries in a Forward Hospital","volume":"62","author":"Rai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed. Forces India"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"160","article-title":"Pelvic fractures: Epidemiology, therapy and long-term outcome. Overview of the multicenter study of the Pelvis Study Group","volume":"99","author":"Pohlemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, January 19). Burns. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/burns."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:49:52Z","timestamp":1760136592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/7\/4341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19074341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]}}}