{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:47:33Z","timestamp":1792183653270,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of diarrheal infections depends on the level of water and sanitation services available to households of immunocompromised individuals and children of less than five years old. It is therefore of paramount importance for immunocompromised individuals to be supplied with safe drinking water for better health outcomes. The current study aimed at ascertaining the probability of infection that Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae, and rotavirus might cause to rural dwellers as compared to urban dwellers. Both culture-based and molecular-based methods were used to confirm the presence of target microorganisms in drinking water samples, while Beta-Poisson and exponential models were used to determine the health risk assessment. Results revealed the presence of all targeted organisms in drinking water. The estimated health risks for single ingestion of water for the test pathogens were as follows: 1.6 \u00d7 10\u22127 for S. typhimurium, 1.79 \u00d7 10\u22124 for S. dysenteriae, 1.03 \u00d7 10\u22123 for V. cholerae, 2.2 \u00d7 10\u22124 for E. coli O157:H7, and 3.73 \u00d7 10\u22122 for rotavirus. The general quantitative risk assessment undertaken in this study suggests that constant monitoring of household container-stored water supplies is vital as it would assist in early detection of microbial pathogens. Moreover, it will also allow the prompt action to be taken for the protection of public health, particularly for immunocompromised individuals and children who are prone to higher risk of infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T13:39:51Z","timestamp":1649338791000},"page":"4431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Enteric Pathogens Risk Factors Associated with Household Drinking Water: A Case Study in Ugu District Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Colette Mmapenya","family":"Khabo-Mmekoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1720-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Genthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Institute, Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3537-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggy Ndombo Benteke","family":"Momba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(96)00187-X","article-title":"Waterborne rotavirus: A risk assessment","volume":"30","author":"Gerba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.1.80","article-title":"American Society for Microbiology Virulence Factors in Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. 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