{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:34:48Z","timestamp":1784140488749,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Combat sports athletes competing in the same discipline exhibit notable and substantial differences in body weight, body composition (BC) and adiposity. No studies have considered the influence of adiposity levels in the agreement between different BC assessment methods. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of adiposity in the agreement between different methods used to estimate relative body fat (%BF) in Olympic combat sport athletes. A total of 38 male athletes were evaluated using air displacement plethysmography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as laboratory methods, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), near-infrared interactance (NIR) and anthropometry as field methods. All methods were compared to DXA. Agreement analyses were performed by means of individual intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each method compared to DXA, Bland\u2013Altman plots and paired Student t-tests. The ICCs for the different methods compared to DXA were analyzed, considering tertiles of %BF, tertiles of body weight and type of sport. For the whole group, individual ICCs oscillated between 0.806 for BIA and 0.942 for anthropometry. BIA showed a statistically significant underestimation of %BF when compared to DXA. The agreement between every method and DXA was not affected by %BF, but it was highest in athletes at the highest %BF tertile (&gt;13%). The ICC between NIR and DXA was poor in 72\u201382 kg athletes. Our results indicate that field methods are useful for routine %BF analysis, and that anthropometry is particularly appropriate, as it showed the highest accuracy irrespective of the athletes\u2019 adiposity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T12:11:14Z","timestamp":1649419874000},"page":"4493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Concordance between Laboratory and Field Methods for the Assessment of Body Fat in Olympic Combat Athletes: Analysis of the Influence of Adiposity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1421-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Fernandez-del-Valle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4625-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Olmedillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nieves Palacios","family":"Gil de Antu\u00f1ano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Center, Higher Council for Sports, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Center, Higher Council for Sports, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Camblor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6130-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8866-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"\u00dabeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Iglesias-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"654","article-title":"Differences in Fat-Free Mass and Muscle Thicknesses at Various Sites According to Performance Level Among Judo Athletes","volume":"20","author":"Kubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ba8055","article-title":"Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors","volume":"42","author":"Artioli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0211","article-title":"Acute-Weight-Loss Strategies for Combat Sports and Applications to Olympic Success","volume":"12","author":"Reale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012.750684","article-title":"Is bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy accurate in estimating total body water and its compartments in elite athletes?","volume":"40","author":"Matias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00049","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Weight loss in wrestlers","volume":"28","author":"Oppliger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0411-y","article-title":"Parallels with the Female Athlete Triad in Male Athletes","volume":"46","author":"Tenforde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.2.89","article-title":"Methods of Body-Mass Reduction by Combat Sport Athletes","volume":"22","author":"Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.117","article-title":"Validity of Six Field and Laboratory Methods for Measurement of Body Composition in Boys","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0228","article-title":"Methodology review: Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition in athletes and active people","volume":"25","author":"Nana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-22","article-title":"Accuracy of DXA in Estimating Body Composition Changes in Elite Athletes Using a Four Compartment Model as the Reference Method","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1616826","article-title":"Body composition of Elite Olympic Combat Sport Athletes","volume":"20","author":"Reale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.05.009","article-title":"Utility of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance compared with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for assessment of total and regional body composition varies between men and women","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1331716","article-title":"Near infrared reactance for the estimation of body fatness in regularly exercising individuals","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowry, D.W., and Tomiyama, A.J. (2015). Air displacement plethysmography versus dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight\/obese individuals. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115086"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000046691","article-title":"Comparison of Body Composition Analysis Methods in Clinical Routine","volume":"44","author":"Erselcan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-010-0296-7","article-title":"Validity of Leg-to-Leg Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Body Fat in Obesity","volume":"21","author":"Ciangura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000732","article-title":"Comparison of Total and Segmental Body Composition Using DXA and Multifrequency Bioimpedance in Collegiate Female Athletes","volume":"29","author":"Esco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, A.L., Wagner, D.R., and Heyward, V.H. (2019). Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Human Kinetics.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718220966"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Marfell-Jones, M.J., Stewart, A.D., and de Ridder, J.H. (2012). International Standards for Anthorpometric Assessment, International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Brozek, J., and Hanschel, A. (1956). Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods. Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2009.03.067","article-title":"Body Composition Assessment Using Siri Underwater Equivalent Percent Fat Assessed by Norland Equipment","volume":"12","author":"Dudzek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00553-0","article-title":"Single Prediction Equation for Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Adults Aged 20-94 Years","volume":"17","author":"Kyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199826040-00002","article-title":"Statistical Methods For Assessing Measurement Error (Reliability) in Variables Relevant to Sports Medicine","volume":"26","author":"Atkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199909000-00019","article-title":"Evaluation of the BOD POD for assessing body fat in collegiate football players","volume":"31","author":"Collins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000053726.16625.D5","article-title":"Evaluation of Air Displacement for Assessing Body Composition of Collegiate Wrestlers","volume":"35","author":"Utter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318185f196","article-title":"Evaluation of the BOD POD for Estimating Percent Body Fat in Collegiate Track and Field Female Athletes: A Comparison of Four Methods","volume":"22","author":"Bentzur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2165\/11597140-000000000-00000","article-title":"Current status of body composition assessment in sport: Review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the, I.O.C. medical commission","volume":"42","author":"Ackland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000861","article-title":"Fitness and Anthropometric Profiles of International vs. National Judo Medalists in Half-Heavyweight Category","volume":"29","author":"Drid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000176682.54071.5c","article-title":"Skinfold Prediction Equation for Athletes Developed Using a Four-Component Model","volume":"37","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b3f0e4","article-title":"Are Skinfold-Based Models Accurate and Suitable for Assessing Changes in Body Composition in Highly Trained Athletes?","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ulijaszek, S.J., and Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. (2005). Anthropometry: The Individual and the Population, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2013.792087","article-title":"Accuracy of field methods in assessing body fat in collegiate baseball players","volume":"21","author":"Loenneke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"178","article-title":"Body composition measurement in highly trained male athletes. A comparison of three methods","volume":"40","author":"Bertini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5751-7-1","article-title":"Body composition in male elite athletes, comparison of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"7","author":"Svantesson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Negat. Results Biomed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318238ea51","article-title":"The validity of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance measures to detect changes in the hydration status of wrestlers during acute dehydration and rehydration","volume":"26","author":"Utter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-El\u00edas, V.E., Mart\u00ednez-Abell\u00e1n, A., L\u00f3pez-Gull\u00f3n, J.M., Mor\u00e1n-Navarro, R., Pallar\u00e9s, J.G., De la Cruz-S\u00e1nchez, E., and Mora-Rodriguez, R. (2014). Validity of hydration non-invasive indices during the weightcutting and official weigh-in for Olympic combat sports. PLoS ONE., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095336"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"46","article-title":"A comparison of bioelectrical impedance and skinfold measurements in determining minimum wrestling weights in high school wrestlers","volume":"41","author":"Hetzler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.211","article-title":"The Impact of Recent Technological Advances on the Trueness and Precision of DXA to Assess Body Composition","volume":"20","author":"Toombs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.81","article-title":"DXA: Can It Be Used as a Criterion Reference for Body Fat Measurements in Children?","volume":"16","author":"Shypailo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.272","article-title":"Reliability and Intermethod Agreement for Body Fat Assessment Among Two Field and Two Laboratory Methods in Adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Mesana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4493\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:50:24Z","timestamp":1760136624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19084493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19084493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]}}}