{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:53:07Z","timestamp":1787241187813,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006338","name":"Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SI-2020-01-82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SI-2020-01-82"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: HPV primary screening has shown effectiveness for cancer prevention; however, gynaecological examination is considered uncomfortable. Self-sampling methods increase the acceptance of screening. The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity of clinician sampling versus vaginal and urine self-sampling for HPV diagnosis. Methods: A diagnostic test study was conducted in a rural parish of Cuenca, Ecuador. A total of 120 women participated. Each participant self-collected urine and vaginal samples and underwent clinician sampling for HPV testing. The latter was considered as the golden standard. All three samples were processed with the same amplification and hybridization protocol for HPV detection (Hybribio) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions. Results: Characteristics of the participants were: median age 35 years; 40.8% married; 46.7% had a primary level of education; and median age of sexual onset, 17.6 years. The prevalence of any type of HPV with clinician sampling was 15.0%, 17.5% with urine sampling and 18.3% with vaginal self-sampling. Self-sampling sensitivity reached 94.4% (IC 74.2\u201399.9), and specificity 92.1% (IC 85.2\u201395.9). Urine sampling had a sensitivity of 88.8% (IC 67.2, 96.9), and specificity 94.1% (IC 67.2\u201396.9). The negative predictive value was 98.9% (IC 94.2\u201399.8) for vaginal self-sampling and 97.6% (IC 92.6\u201399.4) for urine sampling. Conclusions: This study shows that vaginal and urine self-sampling methods have similar sensitivity and specificity compared with clinician sampling for the diagnosis of HPV. The correlation between HPV genotypes among the three tests is satisfactory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T02:48:59Z","timestamp":1649731739000},"page":"4619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Role of Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening: Diagnostic Test Properties of Three Tests for the Diagnosis of HPV in Rural Communities of Cuenca, Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2545-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Vega Crespo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1615-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian Alejandra","family":"Neira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay UDA, Cuenca 010104, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9650-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ort\u00edz Segarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth Maldonado","family":"Rengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja UTPL Loja Ecuador, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Morfol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de La Frontera UFRO, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay UDA, Cuenca 010104, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Paz","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Vicu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Benoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology & Histology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesif\u00f3n","family":"Parr\u00f3n Carre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Neurociencias, Universidad de Almer\u00eda UAL, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3708-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronique","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"A Review of Cervical Cancer: Incidence and Disparities","volume":"112","author":"Buskwofie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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