{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:16:36Z","timestamp":1782476196309,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although periodic limb movement during sleep (PLMS) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are common in children and adolescents, they are relatively overlooked as a target of treatment. PLMS has been evaluated as having a lower clinical significance than RLS. This study examined the relationship of socio-behavioral factors of PLMS in Korean adolescents and checked whether PLMS is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), depending on whether restless legs symptoms accompany it. In a cross-sectional study, 25,789 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (15.76 \u00b1 1.73 years; female 51.49%) were evaluated using an online survey. Various self-report questionnaires were used to assess PLMS and RLS symptoms, EDS, sleep habits, and various socio-behavioral factors. The prevalence of self-perceived PLMS and restless legs symptoms were 903 (3.50%) and 1311 (5.08%), respectively. Of the 1311 participants, 399 had self-perceived PLMS. The odds ratios (ORs) for self-perceived PLMS in participants with restless legs symptoms were: males (OR = 1.528; 95% CI: 1.145\u20132.040), usually\/always experienced apnea apnea (OR, 3.006; 95% CI, 1.954\u20134.624), increased proneness to Internet addiction (OR = 1.013; 95% CI: 1.001\u20131.025), sometimes\/often consuming coffee (OR = 1.312; 95% CI: 1.015\u20131.695), EDS (OR = 0.826; 95% CI: 0.488\u20131.398), and perceived insufficient sleep (OR = 1.143; 95% CI: 0.835\u20131.565). The male gender, witness apnea, consuming coffee, and being prone to Internet addiction were identified as factors significantly associated with self-perceived PLMS in participants with restless legs symptoms. However, EDS and insufficient sleep were associated with self-perceived PLMS in the absence of restless legs symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"4751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between Self-Perceived Periodic Limb Movement during Sleep and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Depend on Restless Leg Symptoms in Korean Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Sang","family":"Sunwoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul 03181, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongkyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7278-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center, Department of Biostatics, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8142-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.2.313","article-title":"Periodic limb movements in children: Prevalence in a referred population","volume":"27","author":"Kirk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.06.009","article-title":"Correlates of PLMs variability over multiple nights and impact upon RLS diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Trotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.12.003","article-title":"Periodic leg movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder: Prevalence, clinical significance and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Hornyak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(04)00020-0","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the elderly","volume":"56","author":"Hornyak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"zsy237","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of periodic limb movement in sleep in two German population-based studies","volume":"42","author":"Stefani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.11.006","article-title":"Night-to-night variability in periodic leg movements in patients with restless legs syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Sforza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00131-9","article-title":"A new questionnaire to detect sleep disorders","volume":"3","author":"Roth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0343-6","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Nam, J.K., and Chung, Y. (2014). Development of Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097920"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00443-9","article-title":"Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population","volume":"53","author":"Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24593","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of periodic limb movements in the general population","volume":"79","author":"Tobback","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12875","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12875","article-title":"Gender differences in clinical, laboratory and polysomnographic features of restless legs syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Holzknecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6042","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of periodic limb movements during sleep in Korean adult patients with restless legs syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.12.016","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Korean pediatric patients with restless legs syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1231-x","article-title":"Age and severity matched comparison of gender differences in the prevalence of periodic limb movements during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12314","article-title":"Basal sympathetic predominance in periodic limb movements in sleep with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04019.x","article-title":"Sleep apnea and sleep-related periodic leg movements in community resident seniors","volume":"36","author":"Mosko","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Ger. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S292617","article-title":"Low arousal threshold: A potential bridge between OSA and periodic limb movements of sleep","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3181aed01e","article-title":"Sleep structure in patients with periodic limb movements and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Iriarte","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12388","article-title":"Sleep problems and internet addiction among children and adolescents: A longitudinal study","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2017.1357117","article-title":"Gender and age differences in sleep problems in children: Person-oriented approach with multigroup analysis","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.00070.x","article-title":"Are periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) responsible for sleep disruption in insomnia patients?","volume":"7","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"9943","article-title":"Relationship between peripheral blood dopamine level and internet addiction disorder in adolescents: A pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854524","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/854524","article-title":"Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in people with internet addiction disorder","volume":"2012","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378675","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/378675","article-title":"Molecular and functional imaging of internet addiction","volume":"2015","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/16.8.713","article-title":"Dopaminergic agents in restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep: Response and complications of extended treatment in 49 cases","volume":"16","author":"Becker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007859","article-title":"SPECT imaging of striatal pre-and postsynaptic dopaminergic status in restless legs syndrome with periodic leg movements in sleep","volume":"249","author":"Michaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(02)00153-3","article-title":"Development of restless legs syndrome after dopaminergic treatment in a patient with periodic leg movements in sleep","volume":"4","author":"Santamaria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying Ying, C., Awaluddin, S.M., Kuang Kuay, L., Siew Man, C., Baharudin, A., Yn, L.W., Sahril, N., Omar, M.A., Ahmad, N.A., and Ibrahim, N. (2020). Association of Internet addiction with adolescents\u2019 lifestyle: A national school-based survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010168"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-016-9609-0","article-title":"Sedentary behavior and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooren, F.C. (2012). Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29807-6"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2016.37.2.111","article-title":"The relationship of caffeine intake with depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep in Korean adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.08.012","article-title":"Early manifestations of restless legs syndrome in childhood and adolescence","volume":"9","author":"Picchietti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"50","article-title":"Caffeine Induced Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Pamu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0134-9","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis, genetics and treatment of restless legs syndrome","volume":"256","author":"Trenkwalder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.08.022","article-title":"Periodic limb movements in sleep: Prevalence and associated sleepiness in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort","volume":"129","author":"Leary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2011.54.1.29","article-title":"Sleep patterns and school performance of Korean adolescents assessed using a Korean version of the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale","volume":"54","author":"Rhie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, W.S., Kim, S., and Kim, H. (2019). Gender Difference in the Effect of Short Sleep Time on Suicide among Korean Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183285"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4751\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:01Z","timestamp":1760136841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19084751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19084751","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}