{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:23:05Z","timestamp":1789690985869,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are no previous studies reporting the type and quantity of pesticides for farming from Sierra Leone and the impact of Ebola or COVID-19 on importation. This study reviewed imported farming pesticides by the Sierra Leone, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), between 2010\u20132021. It was a descriptive study using routinely collected importation data. We found the MAF imported pesticides for farming only during 2010, 2014 and 2021, in response to growing food insecurity and associated with Ebola and COVID-19 outbreaks. Results showed insecticide importation increased from 6230 L in 2010 to 51,150 L in 2021, and importation of antimicrobial pesticides (including fungicides) increased from 150 kg in 2010 to 23,560 kg in 2021. The hazard class risk classification of imported pesticides decreased over time. Increasing amounts of imported fungicides could increase the risk of future fungal resistance among humans. We found that in responding to escalating food insecurity, the government dramatically increased the amount of pesticide importation to improve crop production. Further support is necessary to decrease the risk of worsening food shortages and the possible threat of emerging antimicrobial resistance. We recommend continued monitoring and surveillance, with further studies on the most appropriate response to these multiple challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"4792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pesticide Importation in Sierra Leone, 2010\u20132021: Implications for Food Production and Antimicrobial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Raymonda A. B.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Protection Unit, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"},{"name":"Crop Protection Department, School of Agriculture, Njala University, Bo 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Hann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Health Systems, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amara","family":"Leno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nation, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Timire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpha J. A.","family":"Bangura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unique Solutons Company Limited, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret I. Z.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magjay Co., Ltd., Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9836-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayk","family":"Davtyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center, Yerevan 0014, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinath","family":"Satyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5497-2858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alie H. D.","family":"Mansaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crops Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ground Floor, West Wing, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatmata I.","family":"Bangura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit\u2014Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Kanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey K.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sarkar, S., Dias Bernardes Gil, J., Keeley, J., M\u00f6hring, N., and Jansen, K. 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World Health Organ."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4792\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:31Z","timestamp":1760136871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19084792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19084792","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]}}}