{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:56:38Z","timestamp":1774648598894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control","award":["FC2021YB06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC2021YB06"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2019YFC1906303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1906303"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42007350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8202010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8202010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation for Youth Scholars of Beijing Technology and Business University","award":["QNJJ2021-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNJJ2021-31"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid development of biogas plants in China has generated large quantities of digestate. The disparity between the continuity of biogas plant operation and the seasonality of digestate utilization has led to the need to store digestate. Therefore, untargeted profiling of bioactive compounds in the digestate stored under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was performed. The antioxidant and antifungal activity of digestate stored under varying conditions was likewise assessed. The results delineated that digestate storage under varying conditions brought about the degradation of organic acids, alkenes, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, ethers, amino acids and their derivatives, and esters, leading to the stabilization of digestate components. Together, these new data revealed that digestate storage for up to 20 days under aerobic conditions promotes glycine, serine, and threonine degradation pathways and enhances biotin and vitamins production. In contrast, anaerobic storage enhances the taurine and hypotaurine metabolic pathways and increases the derivation of antimicrobial substances, such as indole alkaloids. Moreover, digestate storage under anaerobic conditions promotes antioxidant and antifungal activity more than storage under aerobic conditions. These findings can contribute to the future development of high-value agricultural products from digestate and the sustainability of biogas plants. Further studies are required for the untargeted metabolomic of digestate under storage to explore the underlying mechanisms of promoting disease resistance by the digestate upon land application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1650319442000},"page":"4923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of Bioactive Compounds under Varying Digestate Storage Conditions: Assessment of Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atif","family":"Muhmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Tsapekos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yizhan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianhai","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112956","article-title":"Nutrients recovery from fresh liquid manure through an airlift reactor to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions of open anaerobic lagoons","volume":"294","author":"Sobhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13959","article-title":"Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health","volume":"515","author":"Tilman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2017.05.004","article-title":"Changes in soil nutrients after 10 years of cattle manure and swine effluent application","volume":"172","author":"Schlegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2021.108330","article-title":"Valorisation of microalgae residues after lipid extraction: Pyrolysis characteristics for biofuel production","volume":"179","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.198","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of different strategies for energy and nutrient recovery from source sorted organic fraction of household waste","volume":"180","author":"Khoshnevisan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101526","article-title":"A review on the impact of conductive nanoparticles (CNPs) in anaerobic digestion: Applications and limitations","volume":"23","author":"Jadhav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125915","article-title":"Sustainable management and recycling of food waste anaerobic digestate: A review","volume":"341","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"8","article-title":"Nutrients removal and biomass production from anaerobic digested effluent by microalgae: A review","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110033","article-title":"A critical review on livestock manure biorefinery technologies: Sustainability, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"135","author":"Khoshnevisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111635","article-title":"Upcycling the anaerobic digestion streams in a bioeconomy approach: A review","volume":"151","author":"Tsapekos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.01.005","article-title":"Effects of storage on characteristics and hygienic quality of digestates from four co-digestion concepts of manure and biowaste","volume":"99","author":"Paavola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.03.044","article-title":"Risk assessments for quality-assured, source-segregated composts and anaerobic digestates for a circular bioeconomy in the UK","volume":"127","author":"Longhurst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7468","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01619","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of biofertilizer production and use compared with conventional liquid digestate management","volume":"52","author":"Styles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.04.027","article-title":"Investigating the effects of anaerobic and aerobic post-treatment on quality and stability of organic fraction of municipal solid waste as soil amendment","volume":"99","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2020.05.011","article-title":"Monitoring methane and nitrous oxide emissions from digestate storage following manure mono-digestion","volume":"196","author":"Vergote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.01.094","article-title":"Laboratory testing on the removal of the veterinary antibiotic doxycycline during long-term liquid pig manure and digestate storage","volume":"149","author":"Suwito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.128","article-title":"Manure digestate storage under different conditions: Chemical characteristics and contaminant residuals","volume":"639","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2012.11.006","article-title":"Organic matter characterization during the anaerobic digestion of different biomasses by means of CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy","volume":"48","author":"Tambone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2019.0852","article-title":"Fast pyrolysis of LERDADEs for renewable biofuels","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv103","article-title":"Biogas production from coumarin-rich plants\u2014inhibition by coumarin and recovery by adaptation of the bacterial community","volume":"91","author":"Popp","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2018.11.008","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin ameliorates chilling injury in cut anthurium flowers during low temperature storage","volume":"148","author":"Aghdam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-0171-9","article-title":"Antifungal activity and mechanism of fengycin in the presence and absence of commercial surfactin against Rhizopus stolonifer","volume":"49","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-0541-1","article-title":"Exploring Bioactive Compounds in Anaerobically Digested Slurry: Extraction, Characterization, and Assessment of Antifungal Activity","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300698c","article-title":"XCMS Online: A web-based platform to process untargeted metabolomic data","volume":"84","author":"Tautenhahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3314","article-title":"Innovation: Metabolomics: The apogee of the omics trilogy","volume":"13","author":"Patti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv380","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 3.0\u2014Making metabolomics more meaningful","volume":"43","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nuclc Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120439","article-title":"Changes in soil microbial activity, essential oil quantity, and quality of Thai basil as response to biofertilizers and humic acid","volume":"256","author":"Dehsheikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22360-4","article-title":"Biochemical and structural characterization of the BioZ enzyme engaged in bacterial biotin synthesis pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jog, R., Nareshkumar, G., and Rajkumar, S. (2016). Enhancing soil health and plant growth promotion by actinomycetes. Plant Growth Promoting Actinobacteria, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0707-1_3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21747","article-title":"Biologically active indolizidine alkaloids","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.03.080","article-title":"Probing the antibacterial and anticancer potential of tryptamine based mixed ligand Schiff base Ruthenium(III) complexes","volume":"87","author":"Malik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"323","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activities of some novel imines of tryptamine","volume":"14","author":"Rajeswari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surai, P.F., Earle-Payne, K., and Kidd, M.T. (2021). Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121876"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Michalak, I. (2020). Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives, MDPI."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e15662","article-title":"Exploration of antibacterial and antioxidative activity of seed\/peel extracts of Southeast Asian fruit Durian (Durio zibethinus) for effective shelf-life enhancement of preserved meat","volume":"45","author":"Ramli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Processing Preserv."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4923\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:56:11Z","timestamp":1760136971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19084923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19084923","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]}}}