{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:08:45Z","timestamp":1786363725994,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The maxillary sinus growth is initiated 3 months after birth, and it grows lateral and inferior until the pneumatization of the alveolar bone occurs. The facial skeleton has recently been determined as affecting the maxillary sinus, prompting additional studies on changes in the size of the maxillary sinus. This study aimed to determine the size of the maxillary sinus using a 3D program after categorizing South Korean adults according to their facial index (FI) classification. The participants of this study were 60 patients in their 20s, who visited the orthodontic department of Dankook University Dental Hospital (approval no. DUDH IRB 2015-12-022). The CBCT of the patients were extracted and measured as 3D images using Mimics (version 22.0, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). Upon categorizing the subjects based on their FI classification, they were grouped into the mesoprosopic, leptoprosopic, and hyperleptoprosopic types. A one-way ANOVA was performed to evaluate the mean differences of the maxillary sinus, depending on the FI classification. In this study, the maxillary sinus tended to be wider in those with mesoprosopic type, and tended to be higher in the hyperleptoprosopic type, suggesting a need for clinicians to focus to the shape of the face during clinical treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:46:11Z","timestamp":1650512771000},"page":"5040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Three-Dimensional CBCT Based Evaluation of the Maxillary Sinus by Facial Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8358-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental College Dankook Institute for Future Science and Emerging Convergence, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Tae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental College Dankook Institute for Future Science and Emerging Convergence, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bio Health Convergency Open Sharing System, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Williams, P.L., Bannister, L.H., Berry, M.M., Collins, P., Dyson, M., Dussek, J.E., and Ferguson, M.W.J. (1995). Embryology and Development, the Nervous System. Gray\u2019s Anatomy, Churchill Livingstone. [38th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hong, J.W. (2008). Analysis of Maxillary Sinuses as the Aging Process Using 3Dimensional Computer Tomography in the Korean. [Ph.D. Thesis, Yonsei University]."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"121","article-title":"Classification of human maxillar sinuses according to their geometric features","volume":"173","author":"Anagnostopoulou","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.11.012","article-title":"The analysis of maxillary sinus aeration according to aging process; volume assessment by 3-dimensional reconstruction by high-resolutional CT scanning","volume":"132","author":"Jun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488409121162","article-title":"The formation of the human paranasal sinuses","volume":"408","author":"Takahashi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12362","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12362","article-title":"Influence of the position of the antrostomy in sinus floor elevation assessed with cone-beam computed tomography: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Kawakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"223","article-title":"Influence of the Height of the Antrostomy in Sinus Floor Elevation Assessed by Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"34","author":"Kawakami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Max. Impl."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"219","article-title":"The 7 years of Longitudinal Study on Pneumatization of Maxillary Sinuses using Lateral Cephalogram","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Korean J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/jofs.jofs_50_16","article-title":"Correlation between morphological facial index and canine relationship in adults\u2212 An anthropometric study","volume":"9","author":"Trivedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e00071","article-title":"Facial types and morphology: A study among Sisaala and Dagaaba adult population in the Upper West Region, Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Maalman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02321.x","article-title":"Anatomic variations and lesions of the maxillary sinus detected in cone beam computed tomography for dental implants","volume":"23","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.05.032","article-title":"Development of the maxillary sinus from birth to age 18. Postnatal growth pattern","volume":"79","author":"Kociemba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e723","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002226","article-title":"Is the maxillary sinus really suitable in sex determination? A three-dimensional analysis of maxillary sinus volume and surface depending on sex and dentition","volume":"26","author":"Heussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maspero, C., Farronato, M., Bellincioni, F., Annibale, A., Machetti, J., Abate, A., and Cavagnetto, D. (2020). Three-dimensional evaluation of maxillary sinus changes in growing subjects: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13041007"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-002-0058-x","article-title":"Personal-computer-based three-dimensional reconstruction and simulation of maxillary sinus","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Peter, F., and Jorgen, T.J. (2001). Anatomy in Diagnostic Imaging, Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12600","article-title":"Influence of facial index, facial profile, lip size, and angulations of teeth on gingival characteristics of anterior teeth: A gender-based evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Kolte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2298\/ABS1303163J","article-title":"Anthropometric study of the facial index in the population of central Serbia","volume":"65","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-009-0108-5","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of maxillary sinus sizes in different malocclusion classes","volume":"98","author":"Endo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"940","article-title":"The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran","volume":"49","author":"Jahanshahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.33899\/rden.2004.45506","article-title":"The selection of maxillary anterior teeth width in relation to facial measurements at different types of face form","volume":"5","author":"Kassab","year":"2004","journal-title":"Al-Rafidain Den. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2013.5.4.369","article-title":"The relationship of maxillary canines to the facial anatomical landmarks in a group of Thai people","volume":"5","author":"Sinavarat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodon."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malim Jaafar, K.A., Zaini, F., Wai, M.M., Yesmin, T., and Thwin, S.S. (2014). A Study of Facial Indices among Young Malay Adults, GSTF Digital Library.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/726974"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(98)90761-3","article-title":"A cadaveric study of maxillary sinus size as an aid in bone grafting of the maxillary sinus floor","volume":"56","author":"Uchida","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(90)70029-C","article-title":"Skeletal maturation and craniofacial growth","volume":"98","author":"Moore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:57:57Z","timestamp":1760137077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}