{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:26:11Z","timestamp":1790954771521,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-risk disordered eating (HRDE) negatively affects physical, mental, and social wellbeing. This scoping review aimed to estimate the prevalence of HRDE amongst adolescents and young adults in the Middle East. MEDLINE database was searched for studies published in English or Arabic from 1 January 2000 to 30 September 2020, estimating HRDE prevalence (using the Eating Attitudes Test 26 or 40 item questionnaire) in the Middle East. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts of potentially eligible records, followed by data extraction from eligible studies. Nineteen studies (n = 16,288; 65.8% female) from Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates were included. Prevalence of HRDE varied considerably across countries and was lowest amongst adolescents in Israel (F 8.2%; M 2.8%) and highest amongst university students in Egypt (F 75.8%; M 69.6%). Prevalence of high-risk for anorexia nervosa ranged from 0.0% in Jordan to 9.5% in Oman; high-risk for bulimia nervosa from 0.6% in Jordan to 1.0% in the United Arab Emirates; and high-risk for binge eating disorder was 1.0% and 1.8% in Turkey and Jordan, respectively. Future studies should employ a standardized two-stage design with clinical diagnosis to verify the prevalence of abnormal eating behaviours in the Middle East.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T02:14:39Z","timestamp":1650939279000},"page":"5234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Prevalence of High-Risk Disordered Eating Amongst Adolescents and Young Adults in the Middle East: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-6024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Azzeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Peachey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, The Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Loney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.200409","article-title":"A critique of the literature on aetiology of eating disorders","volume":"20","author":"Rikani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, New York American Psychiatric Press Inc.. [5th ed.]. DSM-5.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74","article-title":"Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies","volume":"68","author":"Arcelus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-004-1067-5","article-title":"Television, disordered eating, and young women in Fiji: Negotiating body image and identity during rapid social change","volume":"28","author":"Becker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cult. Med. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-0153(03)00064-3","article-title":"Examining the relationship between religious orientation and eating disturbances","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2017.1410071","article-title":"A systematic review of eating disorder prevalence in the Nordic countries: 1994\u20132016","volume":"70","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nordic. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700049163","article-title":"The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric Features and Clinical Correlates","volume":"12","author":"Garner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.10.012","article-title":"Risk of disordered eating attitudes among adolescents in seven Arab countries by gender and obesity: A cross-cultural study","volume":"60","author":"Musaiger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23246","article-title":"A multicenter audit of outpatient care for adult anorexia nervosa: Symptom trajectory, service use, and evidence in support of \u201cearly stage\u201d versus \u201csevere and enduring\u201d classification","volume":"53","author":"Ambwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.087585","article-title":"The case for early intervention in anorexia nervosa: Theoretical exploration of maintaining factors","volume":"199","author":"Treasure","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700030762","article-title":"The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa","volume":"9","author":"Garner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.21608\/EPX.2018.6650","article-title":"Eating attitudes and barriers to healthy eating and physical activity among a sample of university students in Egypt","volume":"92","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Public. Health Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.221270","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Eating Disorders in Weight Management Centers in Tanta, Egypt","volume":"131","author":"Eladawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"79","article-title":"Eating attitudes, self-esteem and social physique anxiety among Iranian females who participate in fitness programs","volume":"50","author":"Gargari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-014-0489-8","article-title":"Disordered eating and its association with overweight and health-related quality of life among adolescents in selected high schools of Tehran","volume":"46","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child. Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"627","article-title":"Eating attitudes among adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Maor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-008-9189-7","article-title":"Eating attitudes and dieting behaviour among religious subgroups of Israeli-Arab adolescent females","volume":"48","author":"Latzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"137","article-title":"Gender and disordered eating of adolescents in Israel","volume":"51","author":"Katz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.10.008","article-title":"Eating disturbances among adolescent schoolgirls in Jordan","volume":"54","author":"Mousa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324977","article-title":"A survey of anorexia nervosa using the Arabic version of the EAT-26 and \u201cgold standard\u201d interviews among Omani adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Dorvlo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eat. Weight. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"111","article-title":"Eating Disorders Among Female Students of Taif University, Saudi Arabia","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325063","article-title":"Abnormal eating attitudes and sexual abuse experiences in Turkish university women","volume":"9","author":"Elal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2005.07.001","article-title":"Disordered eating behaviours among Turkish adolescents with and without Type 1 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Pinar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2016.1150276","article-title":"Does the rise in eating disorders lead to increasing risk of orthorexia nervosa? Correlations with gender, education, and body mass index","volume":"55","author":"Sanlier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Food. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342010000300002","article-title":"Prevalence of disordered eating and its impact on quality of life among a group of college students in a province of west Turkey","volume":"52","author":"Tozun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Salud. Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"205","article-title":"The prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) and comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescents: A two-stage community-based study","volume":"22","author":"Vardar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. Psikiyatri. Derg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.05.058","article-title":"An evaluation of eating disorders among a group of Turkish university students","volume":"51","author":"Sanlier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2005.07.001","article-title":"Disordered eating attitudes and symptomatology among adolescent girls in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"7","author":"Eapen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22256","article-title":"Risk of disordered eating attitudes among male adolescents in five Emirates of the United Arab Emirates","volume":"47","author":"Musaiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.03.014","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-5-Defined Eating Disorders in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S","volume":"84","author":"Udo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adults. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates","volume":"14","author":"Smink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10222","article-title":"Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders","volume":"34","author":"Hoek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.040","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"61","author":"Hudson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.04.003","article-title":"The epidemiology of eating disorders in six European countries: Results of the ESEMeD-WMH project","volume":"43","author":"Preti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.22","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents. Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement","volume":"68","author":"Swanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199611)20:3<321::AID-EAT12>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Validity of the Arabic version of the Eating Attitude Test","volume":"20","author":"Bamgboye","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5801_3","article-title":"The factor structure and criterion validity of the short form of the Eating Attitudes Test","volume":"58","author":"Koslowsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"19","article-title":"Yeme tutum testi: Anoreksiya nervosa belirtileri indeksi. (Eating Attitudes Test: An index of symptoms of anorexia nervosa)","volume":"7","author":"Savasir","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psikoloji. Dergisi."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1912925","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12925","article-title":"Estimation of Eating Disorders Prevalence by Age and Associations With Mortality in a Simulated Nationally Representative US Cohort","volume":"2","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01100.x","article-title":"Perception of self-physique and eating behavior of high school students in Japan","volume":"57","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"196","article-title":"Survey on eating disorders related thoughts, behaviours and dietary intake in female junior high school students in Taiwan","volume":"20","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"477","article-title":"Eating Attitude, Ego-Identity, and Self-Esteem among the Urban High School Girls","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Korean Neuropsych. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"49","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders: A comparison of Western and non-Western countries","volume":"6","author":"Makino","year":"2004","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1272","article-title":"Impact of urbanization on detection rates of eating disorders","volume":"152","author":"Hoek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.021378","article-title":"Urbanisation and the incidence of eating disorders","volume":"189","author":"Bartelds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.747","article-title":"Are eating disorders culture-bound syndromes? Implications for conceptualizing their etiology","volume":"129","author":"Keel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932013000278","article-title":"Association between exposure to media and body weight concern among female university students in five Arab countries: A preliminary cross-cultural study","volume":"46","author":"Musaiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199803)23:2<207::AID-EAT11>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa in an Arab culture","volume":"23","author":"Younis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10037","article-title":"Preoccupation with weight and disordered eating behaviors of entering students at a university in Lebanon","volume":"32","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2013-0317","article-title":"Body size preferences among young women in five Arab countries: A cross-cultural study","volume":"26","author":"Musaiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2022, January 18). World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory\u2014Prevalence of Obesity among Adults, BMI \u2265 30, Age-Standardized Estimates by WHO Region, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/view.main.REGION2480A?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spivak-Lavi, Z., Peleg, O., Tzischinsky, O., Stein, D., and Latzer, Y. (2021). Differences in the Factor Structure of the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) in Different Cultures in Israel: Jews, Muslims, and Christians. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061899"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22388","article-title":"The eating disorder assessment for DSM-5 (EDA-5): Development and validation of a structured interview for feeding and eating disorders","volume":"48","author":"Sysko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5234\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:01:04Z","timestamp":1760137264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095234","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]}}}