{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:38:08Z","timestamp":1762051088052,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Supramaximal interval exercise alters measures of autonomic modulation, while a cool-down may speed the recovery of vagal modulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a cool-down (pedaling a cycle ergometer at 50 rpm against a resistance of 45 W) versus passive recovery (no pedaling) after supramaximal interval exercise on autonomic modulation. Sixteen moderately active individuals (Mean \u00b1 SD: 23 \u00b1 3 years (men: n = 10; women: n = 6) were assessed for autonomic modulation at Rest, and 15 (R15), 30 (R30), 45 (R45) and 60 (R60) min following supramaximal interval exercise. Linear measures of autonomic modulation included natural log (ln) total power (lnTP), high-frequency power (lnHF), the ratio of low frequency (LF) to HF ln(LF\/HF) ratio, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (lnRMSSD), while non-linear measures included sample entropy (SampEn) and Lempel\u2013Ziv entropy (LZEn). Two-way repeated ANOVAs were used to evaluate the main effects of condition (cool-down, passive recovery) across time (Rest, and R15, R30, R45 and R60). There were significant (p \u2264 0.05) condition by time interactions for SampEn and LZEn, such that they decreased at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during passive recovery compared to Rest, with the recovery of SampEn and LZEn by 60 and 45 min, respectively, during cool-down. There were significant (p \u2264 0.05) main effects of time for lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD, such that lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD were attenuated, and lnLF\/HF ratio was augmented, at all recovery times compared to Rest. These data demonstrate that a cool-down increases the recovery of nonlinear measures of vagal modulation within 45\u201360 min after supramaximal interval exercise, compared to passive recovery in moderately active individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T23:52:30Z","timestamp":1651189950000},"page":"5407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of a Cool-Down after Supramaximal Interval Exercise on Autonomic Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7357-7685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Parks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1585-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica M.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Science, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL 33801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7409-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacie M.","family":"Humm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8455-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily K.","family":"Erb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-0169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Derek","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R236","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00069.2008","article-title":"Sprint interval and traditional endurance training induce similar improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilation in healthy humans","volume":"295","author":"Rakobowchuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3061-0","article-title":"Influence of single bout of aerobic exercise on aortic pulse pressure","volume":"115","author":"Sugawara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000223","article-title":"A short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism","volume":"82","author":"Rodas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1139\/H09-086","article-title":"Heart rate variability and nonlinear analysis of heart rate dynamics following single and multiple Wingate bouts","volume":"34","author":"Millar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01320.x","article-title":"Autonomic recovery following sprint interval exercise","volume":"22","author":"Stuckey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.08.009","article-title":"Immediate and long term effects of endurance and high intensity interval exercise on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability","volume":"20","author":"Perkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011093431902","article-title":"Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion","volume":"343","author":"Albert","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eul031","article-title":"Decrease in the heart rate complexity prior to the onset of atrial fibrillation","volume":"8","author":"Tuzcu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.20.2079","article-title":"Altered complexity and correlation properties of RR interval dynamics before the spontaneous onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"100","author":"Vikman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Riebe, D., Ehrman, J., Liguori, G., and Magal, M. (2017). American College of Sports Medicine\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Wolters Kluwer. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1163\/156855701321138914","article-title":"Influence of cool-down exercise on autonomic control of heart rate during recovery from dynamic exercise","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"54","article-title":"Postexercise hypotension and hemodynamics: The role of exercise intensity","volume":"44","author":"Forjaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0964-7","article-title":"Effect of acute sprint interval exercise on central and peripheral artery distensibility in young healthy males","volume":"105","author":"Rakobowchuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001598","article-title":"High-intensity interval cycling exercise on wave reflection and pulse wave velocity","volume":"31","author":"Kingsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199301000-00013","article-title":"Validity and reliability of self-reported physical activity status: The Lipid Research Clinics questionnaire","volume":"25","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","article-title":"The LF\/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance","volume":"4","author":"Billman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.1996.tb00275.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use: Task force of the European society of cardiology and the north American society for pacing and electrophysiology","volume":"1","author":"Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2039","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039","article-title":"Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy","volume":"278","author":"Richman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1109\/10.966601","article-title":"EEG complexity as a measure of depth of anesthesia for patients","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"75","article-title":"On the complexity of finite sequences","volume":"22","author":"Lempel","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.145","article-title":"Plasticity of heart rate signalling and complexity with exercise training in obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Kanaley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1379-9","article-title":"Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers: Lactate Pro, Lactate Scout and Lactate Plus","volume":"109","author":"Tanner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198704060-00001","article-title":"The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity","volume":"4","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Keppel, G. (1991). Design and Analysis: A Researcher\u2019s Handbook, Prentice-Hall, Inc.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"30","article-title":"The comparative effects of sports massage, active recovery, and rest in promoting blood lactate clearance after supramaximal leg exercise","volume":"33","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:03:45Z","timestamp":1760137425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095407","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}