{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:14:17Z","timestamp":1762049657787,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Articulation disorders are deficiencies in the realization of speech sounds unrelated to organic or neurological disorders. Over the last decade, there has been a debate on the efficiency of non-verbal oro-motor exercises, which are orofacial movements programmed and organized in an intentional and coordinated way to control lips, tongue, and soft palate muscles. Of the 122 children evaluated, 52 presented articulatory difficulties. An intervention with nonverbal oro-motor exercises was applied, and children were again assessed following treatment. The results showed no differences between the experimental and control groups, either in the number of sounds that improved after this period or in the severity of difficulties (we categorized those with articulation difficulties in two to six sounds as \u2018medium\u2019 and those with difficulties in articulating more than seven sounds as \u2018severe\u2019). These results indicated that nonverbal oro-motor exercises alone are not efficient for intervention in difficulties in the realization of sounds in 4-year-old children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T05:44:07Z","timestamp":1651297447000},"page":"5459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nonverbal Oro-Motor Exercises: Do They Really Work for Phonoarticulatory Difficulties?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Parra-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Olmos-Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana V.","family":"Valero-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatry Association (2013). DSM-5. Manual Diagn\u00f3stico y Estad\u00edstico de los Trastornos Mentales, Editorial M\u00e9dica Panamericana."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Intervenci\u00f3n logop\u00e9dica en los trastornos fonol\u00f3gicos desde el paradigma psicoling\u00fc\u00edstico del procesamiento del habla","volume":"36","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hidalgo, A., and Quilis, M. (2012). La voz del Lenguaje: Fon\u00e9tica y Fonolog\u00eda del Espa\u00f1ol, Prosopopeya."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"De las Heras, G., and Rodr\u00edguez, L. (2015). Gu\u00eda de Intervenci\u00f3n Logop\u00e9dica en las Dislalias, Editorial S\u00edntesis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2013.02.003","article-title":"Relationship between speech motor control and speech intelligibility in children with speech sound disorders","volume":"46","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pascual, P. (2007). La Dislalia. Naturaleza, Diagn\u00f3stico y Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, CEPE."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"444","article-title":"Patolog\u00edas de la comunicaci\u00f3n. Proyecto docente para enfermer\u00eda infantil. Dislalias","volume":"34","author":"Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Enfermer\u00eda Glob."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"97","article-title":"Utilidad del an\u00e1lisis fonol\u00f3gico en la terapia del lenguaje","volume":"46","author":"Rosso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. De Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Puyuelo, M., and Rondal, J.A. (2003). Trastornos del desarrollo fon\u00e9tico y fonol\u00f3gico. Manual de Desarrollo y Alteraciones del Lenguaje. Aspectos Evolutivos y Patolog\u00eda en el ni\u00f1o y en el Adulto, Masson."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez, A., and Monfort, M. (2001). Estimulaci\u00f3n del Lenguaje Oral. Un Modelo Interactivo para ni\u00f1os con Necesidades Educativas Especiales, Entha Ediciones."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Coll-Florit, M., Aguado, G., Fern\u00e1ndez-Zu\u00f1iga, A., Gambra, S., Perell\u00f3, E., and Vila-Rovira, J.M. (2013). Trastorno de habla y articulaci\u00f3n. Trastornos del Habla y de la voz, Editorial UOC."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Casanova, J. (2014). Dislalias. Manual de Logopedia, Elsevier Masson."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Susanibar, F., Dioses, A., Marchesan, I., Guzm\u00e1n, M., Leal, G., and Bohnen, A.J. (2016). Principios para la evaluaci\u00f3n e intervenci\u00f3n de los trastornos de los sonidos del habla\u2014TSH. Trastornos del Habla. De los Fundamentos a la Evaluaci\u00f3n, Editorial EOS."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"4","article-title":"C\u00f3mo lograr el aprendizaje en alumnos con dificultades fon\u00e9ticas y fonol\u00f3gicas","volume":"6","author":"Barrios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Encuentro Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.6018\/rie.33.2.206011","article-title":"Trastornos fonol\u00f3gicos en ni\u00f1os: Resultados de la aplicaci\u00f3n de un programa","volume":"33","author":"Gallego","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_LSHSS-13-0081","article-title":"Speech abilities in preschool children with speech sound disorder with and without co-ocurring language impairment","volume":"45","author":"Macrae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Narbona, J., and Chevrie-Muller, C. (1997). Semiolog\u00eda de los trastornos del lenguaje en el ni\u00f1o. El Lenguaje del ni\u00f1o. Desarrollo Normal, Evaluaci\u00f3n y Trastornos, Masson."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2012\/12-0022)","article-title":"Preschool speech error patterns predict articulation and phonological awareness outcomes in children with histories of speech sound disorders","volume":"22","author":"Preston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-014-0017-3","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of pediatric speech sound disorder","volume":"1","author":"Dodd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"38","article-title":"Las habitaciones de la dislalia","volume":"1","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Electr\u00f3nica Investig. Docencia Creat."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Perfil neuropsicol\u00f3gico de ni\u00f1os con dislalias: Alteraciones mn\u00e9sicas y atencionales","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Dodd, B. (2013). Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorder, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Duffy, J.R. (2019). Motor Speech Disorders E-Book: Substrates, Differential Diagnosis, and Management, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"42","article-title":"Intervenci\u00f3n y tratamiento en las dislalias con la ayuda del programa de visualizaci\u00f3n del habla MetaVox","volume":"3","author":"Galiana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Innovaeduca Net"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Gallego, J.L., and Rodr\u00edguez, A. (2005). Atenci\u00f3n Logop\u00e9dica al Alumnado con Dificultades en el Lenguaje Oral, Ediciones Aljibe."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4103\/JCMRP.JCMRP_133_19","article-title":"Psychological status of school-aged children and adolescents with dyslalia","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Curr. Med. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"133","article-title":"Estudio sobre la interrelaci\u00f3n entre la dislalia y la personalidad del ni\u00f1o","volume":"7","author":"Moreno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Electr\u00f3nica Investig. Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02998","article-title":"Speech Sound Disorders in children: An articulatory phonology perspective","volume":"10","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000261913","article-title":"Articulatory phonology: An overview","volume":"49","author":"Browman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Acosta, V.M., and Moreno, A.M. (2001). Dificultades del Lenguaje en Ambientes Educativos. Del Retraso al Trastorno Espec\u00edfico del Lenguaje, Masson."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Villegas, F. (2010). Manual de Logopedia. Evaluaci\u00f3n e Intervenci\u00f3n de las Dificultades Fonol\u00f3gicas, Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bernthal, J.E., Bankson, N.W., and Flipsen, P. (2016). Articulation and Phonological Disorders: Speech Sound Disorders in Children, Pearson. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Brooks, A., and Hegde, M.N. (2015). Assessment and Treatment of Articulation and Phonological Disorders in Children, Pro-Ed."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bosch, L. (2004). Evaluaci\u00f3n Fonol\u00f3gica del Habla Infantil, Elsevier Masson."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"3","article-title":"Valoraci\u00f3n del habla en ni\u00f1os de educaci\u00f3n infantil y primaria","volume":"4","author":"Busto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phonica"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bahr, D. (2008, January 15\u201317). The oral motor debate: Where do we go from here?. Proceedings of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"108","article-title":"Treatment of children with Speech Oral Placement Disorders (OPDs): A paradigm emerges","volume":"20","author":"Bahr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Disord. Q."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.17507\/jltr.1201.10","article-title":"The use of oral motor exercises among speech language pathologists in Jordan","volume":"12","author":"Kamal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lang. Teach. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Marshalla, P. (2021, May 05). The Roots of Oral-Motor Therapy: A Personal View. Available online: https:\/\/pammarshalla.com\/the-roots-of-oral-motortherapy-a-personal-view\/."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"144","article-title":"What is the evidence for oral motor therapy? Acquiring knowledge in speech, language and hearing","volume":"7","author":"Bowen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Speech Pathol. Aust."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Lof, G.L. (2007, January 24\u201326). Reasons why non-speech oral motor exercises should not be used for speech sound disorders. Proceedings of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Lof, G.L. (2009, January 19\u201321). Non-speech oral motor exercises: An update on the controversy. Proceedings of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2008\/037)","article-title":"A nationwide survey of non-speech oral motor exercise use: Implications for evidence-based practice","volume":"39","author":"Lof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Merkel-Walsh, R., and Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (2015, January 12\u201314). Oral placement therapy (OPT) versus Non-Speech Oral Motor Exercises (NSOME): Understanding the debate. Proceedings of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_LSHSS-20-00092","article-title":"Treating childhood speech sound disorders: Current approaches to management by Australian speech-language pathologists","volume":"52","author":"Furlong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2009\/08-0021)","article-title":"A survey of university professors teaching speech sound disorders: Nonspeech oral motor exercises and other topics","volume":"40","author":"Watson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"S59","article-title":"Eficacia de los programas de ejercicios de motricidad oral para el tratamiento logop\u00e9dico de las dificultades del habla","volume":"62","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"177","article-title":"Programa para la prevenci\u00f3n de las dislalias en educaci\u00f3n infantil. Hada de los cuentos","volume":"18","author":"Azpitarte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ. Futuro"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Gallego, J.L. (2006). Dificultades en la articulaci\u00f3n: Trastornos fonol\u00f3gicos y fon\u00e9ticos. Enciclopedia Tem\u00e1tica de Logopedia, Aljibe."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Monfort, M., and Ju\u00e1rez, A. (2006). Registro Fonol\u00f3gico Inducido, CEPE."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0214-4603(94)75585-6","article-title":"Metodolog\u00eda para la intervenci\u00f3n logop\u00e9dica en los trastornos del habla","volume":"14","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev. De Logop. Fonolog\u00eda Y Audiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rlfa.2015.05.001","article-title":"Eficacia del entrenamiento en praxias fonoarticulatorias en los trastornos de los sonidos del habla en ni\u00f1os de 4 a\u00f1os","volume":"36","author":"Parra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Logop. Foniatr\u00eda Audiol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"22","article-title":"Actos motores oro-faringo-faciales y praxias fonoarticulatorias","volume":"47","author":"Schrager","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fonoaudiol. Asoc. Argent. Logop. Foniatr\u00eda Audiol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Seivane, M.P. (2007). Cicer\u00f3n. Programa para la Adquisici\u00f3n y Desarrollo de la Capacidad Articulatoria, CEPE."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Bartuilli, M., Cabrera, P.J., and Peri\u00f1an, M.C. (2010). Gu\u00eda T\u00e9cnica de Intervenci\u00f3n Logop\u00e9dica. Terapia Miofuncional, Editorial S\u00edntesis."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Melle, N. (2008). Gu\u00eda de Intervenci\u00f3n Logop\u00e9dica en la Disartria, Editorial S\u00edntesis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1044\/leader.FTR3.10082005.8","article-title":"Clinical decision making and oral motor treatments","volume":"10","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"ASHA Lead."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0179","article-title":"Nonspeech Oral Movements and Oral Motor Disorders: A Narrative Review","volume":"24","author":"Kent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Vall\u00e9s, A. (2008). Fichas de Recuperaci\u00f3n de las Dislalias, CEPE."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:04:31Z","timestamp":1760137471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095459","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}