{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:05:53Z","timestamp":1792069553929,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder that has profound implications on the outcomes of patients with chronic lung disease. The hallmark of OSA is a collapse of the oropharynx resulting in a transient reduction in airflow, large intrathoracic pressure swings, and intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia. The subsequent cytokine-mediated inflammatory cascade, coupled with tractional lung injury, damages the lungs and may worsen several conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Further complicating this is the sleep fragmentation and deterioration of sleep quality that occurs because of OSA, which can compound the fatigue and physical exhaustion often experienced by patients due to their chronic lung disease. For patients with many pulmonary disorders, the available evidence suggests that the prompt recognition and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing improves their quality of life and may also alter the course of their illness. However, more robust studies are needed to truly understand this relationship and the impacts of confounding comorbidities such as obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clinicians taking care of patients with chronic pulmonary disease should screen and treat patients for OSA, given the complex bidirectional relationship OSA has with chronic lung disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T06:23:08Z","timestamp":1651386188000},"page":"5473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["OSA and Chronic Respiratory Disease: Mechanisms and Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3588-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian W.","family":"Locke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 26 N 1900 E, Wintrobe 701, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 26 N 1900 E, Wintrobe 701, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7220-5767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna M.","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 26 N 1900 E, Wintrobe 701, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13838","article-title":"Global burden of sleep-disordered breathing and its implications","volume":"25","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-021-00426-w","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome","volume":"199","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendzerska, T., Gershon, A.S., Hawker, G., Leung, R.S., and Tomlinson, G. (2014). Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality: A Decade-Long Historical Cohort Study. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001599"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.06.003","article-title":"Quantifying statistical uncertainty in metrics of sleep disordered breathing","volume":"65","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.01.039","article-title":"Variability and Misclassification of Sleep Apnea Severity Based on Multi-Night Testing","volume":"158","author":"Punjabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1761OC","article-title":"Multinight Prevalence, Variability, and Diagnostic Misclassification of Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"205","author":"Lechat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2017.08.009","article-title":"Role of lung volume and airway inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"55","author":"Bikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-016-9946-4","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxia Contributes to the Lung Damage by Increased Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Disbalance in Protease\/Antiprotease System","volume":"194","author":"Tuleta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.04.019","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea exacerbates airway inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13722","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor and bacterial infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"25","author":"Shukla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.01.044","article-title":"Effect of arousal on sympathetic overactivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"62","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002258","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02258-2020","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders and pulmonary hypertension","volume":"57","author":"Adir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy044","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy044","article-title":"Sleep disruption as a predictor of quality of life among patients in the subpopulations and intermediate outcome measures in COPD study (SPIROMICS)","volume":"41","author":"Zeidler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v2.i12.828","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing in interstitial lung disease: A review","volume":"2","author":"Troy","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278941","article-title":"Acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia and sympathetic neurovascular transduction in men","volume":"598","author":"Stuckless","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, E., Garc\u00eda-Tovar, S., Alfaro, E., Jaureguizar, A., Casitas, R., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, B., Zamarr\u00f3n, E., Fern\u00e1ndez-Lahera, J., L\u00f3pez-Collazo, E., and Cubillos-Zapata, C. (2022). Inflammasome Activation: A Keystone of Proinflammatory Response in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2022.4556"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103442","article-title":"Hypercapnia potentiates HIF-1\u03b1 activation in the brain of rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia","volume":"278","author":"Tregub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0511-OA","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis May Be a Disease of Recurrent, Tractional Injury to the Periphery of the Aging Lung: A Unifying Hypothesis Regarding Etiology and Pathogenesis","volume":"136","author":"Leslie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202109-2205PP","article-title":"Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes","volume":"205","author":"Reddel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8712-1","article-title":"Understanding Asthma Phenotypes, Endotypes, and Mechanisms of Disease","volume":"56","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.04.002","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk, Asthma Burden, and Lower Airway Inflammation in Adults in the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) II","volume":"3","author":"Teodorescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2013.04.004","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and asthma: Associations and treatment implications","volume":"18","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04446-6","article-title":"Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Asthma: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17822","article-title":"Association Between Asthma and Risk of Developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"313","author":"Teodorescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1838TR","article-title":"Asthma and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Overlap: What Has the Evidence Taught Us?","volume":"201","author":"Prasad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27397","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and asthma: What are the links?","volume":"5","author":"Alkhalil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6634.1427","article-title":"Parasympathetic nervous system in nocturnal asthma","volume":"296","author":"Morrison","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.1.7599823","article-title":"Influence of sleep on pulmonary capillary volume in normal and asthmatic subjects","volume":"152","author":"DesJardin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.5.453","article-title":"Effect of acute alterations in inspired oxygen tension on methacholine induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma","volume":"52","author":"Dagg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taill\u00e9, C., Rouvel-Tallec, A., Stoica, M., Danel, C., Dehoux, M., Marin-Esteban, V., Pretolani, M., Aubier, M., and D\u2019Ortho, M.-P. (2016). Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Modulates Airway Inflammation and Remodelling in Severe Asthma. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150042"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13370","article-title":"Comorbid \u201ctreatable traits\u201d in difficult asthma: Current evidence and clinical evaluation","volume":"73","author":"Tay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.09.003","article-title":"Asthma and Three Colinear Comorbidities: Obesity, OSA, and GERD","volume":"9","author":"Althoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200903-013ST","article-title":"An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Obesity and Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Dixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00037905","article-title":"Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma","volume":"26","author":"Brinke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.3.731","article-title":"Gastroesophageal Reflux-induced Bronchoconstriction. An intraesophageal acid infusion study using state-of-the-art technology","volume":"106","author":"Schan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.05.030","article-title":"Sleep and Nocturnal Gastroesophageal Reflux: An Update","volume":"154","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00350-2","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux","volume":"108","author":"Ing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.4.1003","article-title":"The Effect of 1 Week of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients With Concomitant Gastroesophageal Reflux","volume":"130","author":"Tawk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.053","article-title":"Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): Achievements in 10 years and future needs","volume":"130","author":"Bousquet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.06.020","article-title":"Healthcare burden of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity among asthma hospitalizations: Results from the U.S.-based Nationwide Inpatient Sample","volume":"117","author":"Becerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.01.005","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with reduced quality of life in adult patients with asthma","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.08.004","article-title":"Does Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) improve asthma-related clinical outcomes in patients with co-existing conditions?- A systematic review","volume":"143","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13385","article-title":"Does CPAP for obstructive sleep apnoea improve asthma control?","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.10.011","article-title":"Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in uncontrolled nocturnal asthmatic patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Ciftci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00059706","article-title":"Impact of CPAP on asthmatic patients with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"29","author":"Lafond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13070","article-title":"Asthma outcomes improve with continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"72","author":"Plaza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13363","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea does not improve asthma control","volume":"23","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6371","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006371","article-title":"Early use of noninvasive techniques for clearing respiratory secretions during noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic encephalopathy: A prospective cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00fanior, N.S.F., Urbano, J.J., Santos, I.R., Silva, A.S., Perez, E.A., Souza, A.H., Nascimento, O., Jardim, J.R., Insalaco, G., and Oliveira, L.V.F. (2017). Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185413"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkThoracJ.2021.20194","article-title":"The Frequency of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis","volume":"22","author":"Borekci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. Thorac. J."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"6","article-title":"Inflammation: A two-edged sword\u2014The model of bronchiectasis","volume":"147","author":"Cole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Respir. Dis. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2005.05.008","article-title":"Tracheomalacia secondary to obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"26","author":"Peters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s41606-018-0030-2","article-title":"Clarifying the link between sleep disordered breathing and tracheal collapse: A retrospective analysis","volume":"2","author":"Kolakowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Ehtisham, M., Azhar Munir, R., Klopper, E., Hammond, K., and Musani, A.I. (2015). Correlation between tracheobronchomalacia\/hyper dynamic airway collapse and obstructive sleep apnea. C70 Sleep Disordered Breathing in Pediatric and Adult Medical Disorders, American Thoracic Society."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00402-0","article-title":"Sleep in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease","volume":"6","author":"Flenley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200706-077MG","article-title":"Overlap Syndrome: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"5","author":"Weitzenblum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-132","article-title":"Respiratory mechanics and ventilatory control in overlap syndrome and obesity hypoventilation","volume":"14","author":"Verbraecken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2510ST","article-title":"Research Priorities in Pathophysiology for Sleep-disordered Breathing in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement","volume":"197","author":"Malhotra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00972.2010","article-title":"A method for measuring and modeling the physiological traits causing obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"110","author":"Wellman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-765OC","article-title":"Effect of Emphysema Severity on the Apnea\u2013Hypopnea Index in Smokers with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"13","author":"Krachman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, D., Bailly, S., Benmerad, M., Joyeux-Faure, M., Jullian-Desayes, I., Soccal, P.M., Janssens, J.P., Sap\u00e8ne, M., Grillet, Y., and Stach, B. (2020). Clinical presentation and comorbidities of obstructive sleep apnea-COPD overlap syndrome. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235331"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000368615","article-title":"Predictors of the Overlap Syndrome and Its Association with Comorbidities in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"88","author":"Steveling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14371","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14371","article-title":"Pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea in individuals with the COPD + OSA Overlap syndrome versus OSA alone","volume":"8","author":"Orr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00066802","article-title":"Sleep hypoventilation in hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"21","author":"Catcheside","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/15412550903433000","article-title":"Hyperinflation is Associated with Lower Sleep Efficiency in COPD with Co-existent Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"6","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"COPD J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208467","article-title":"Coexistence of OSA may compensate for sleep related reduction in neural respiratory drive in patients with COPD","volume":"72","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soler, X., Liao, S.-Y., Marin, J.M., Lorenzi-Filho, G., Jen, R., Deyoung, P., Owens, R.L., Ries, A.L., and Malhotra, A. (2017). Age, gender, neck circumference, and Epworth sleepiness scale do not predict obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): The challenge to predict OSA in advanced COPD. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177289"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, D., Lozeron, E.D., Janssens, J.P., Soccal, P.M., Lador, F., Brochard, L., and P\u00e9pin, J.L. (2018). Obstructive sleep apnea in patients surviving acute hypercapnic respiratory failure is best predicted by static hyperinflation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205669"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01213.x","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (overlap syndrome)","volume":"61","author":"Mermigkis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201802-136OC","article-title":"Cardiovascular Outcomes and All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Overlap Syndrome)","volume":"16","author":"Kendzerska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"129","article-title":"Risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in elderly patients with the overlap syndrome: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Ganga","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201511-2178OC","article-title":"Influence of Lung Function and Sleep-disordered Breathing on All-Cause Mortality. A Community-based Study","volume":"194","author":"Putcha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.556746","article-title":"Selective Activation of Inflammatory Pathways by Intermittent Hypoxia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Ryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2202023","article-title":"Local and Systemic Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are increased in sputum","volume":"166","author":"Vernooy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200912-1869OC","article-title":"Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The overlap syndrome","volume":"182","author":"Marin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201608-1666OC","article-title":"Comorbidities and Subgroups of Patients Surviving Severe Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"196","author":"Adler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01262-z","article-title":"Home mechanical ventilation: Quality of life patterns after six months of treatment","volume":"20","author":"Valko","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.036","article-title":"Undiagnosed OSA May Significantly Affect Outcomes in Adults Admitted for COPD in an Inner-City Hospital","volume":"158","author":"Naranjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-23151","article-title":"Hypercapnia in Overlap Syndrome: Possible Determinant Factors","volume":"6","author":"Resta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.719050","article-title":"Evaluation of Right Ventricular Remodeling Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Co-Existent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"COPD J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-009-0266-2","article-title":"Elevated economic burden in obstructive lung disease patients with concomitant sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Shaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S148735","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, COPD, the overlap syndrome, and mortality: Results from the 2005\u20132008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.02.007","article-title":"Current evidence on prevalence and clinical outcomes of co-morbid obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Shawon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9506","article-title":"A pilot randomized trial comparing CPAP vs bilevel PAP spontaneous mode in the treatment of hypoventilation disorder in patients with obesity and obstructive airway disease","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-009-0291-1","article-title":"Fixed-pressure nCPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A 24-month follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"Toraldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2916","article-title":"Impact of CPAP Use and Age on Mortality in Patients with Combined COPD and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The Overlap Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Stanchina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0842","article-title":"Adherence to Sleep Apnea Therapy and Use of Lipid-Lowering Drugs: A Study of the Healthy-User Effect","volume":"137","author":"Platt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1428","article-title":"Race and Residential Socioeconomics as Predictors of CPAP Adherence","volume":"34","author":"Billings","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71141-7","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: An observational study","volume":"365","author":"Marin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7638","article-title":"Treatment of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Positive Airway Pressure: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and GRADE Assessment","volume":"15","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00192008","article-title":"CPAP and survival in moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and hypoxaemic COPD","volume":"35","author":"Machado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180097","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0097-2018","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Masa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Medicine, A.A.o.S. (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.3.710","article-title":"Daytime Hypercapnia in Adult Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in France, Before Initiating Nocturnal Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy","volume":"127","author":"Laaban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201410-1900OC","article-title":"Efficacy of Different Treatment Alternatives for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. Pickwick Study","volume":"192","author":"Masa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.03.042","article-title":"The obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Olson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.3.827","article-title":"The Effects of Body Mass Index on Lung Volumes","volume":"130","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.109728","article-title":"Neural respiratory drive in obesity","volume":"64","author":"Steier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(75)90392-7","article-title":"Decreased hypoxic ventilatory drive in the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Zwillich","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201911-859ED","article-title":"More Than Obstruction: Rethinking Obesity Hypoventilation?","volume":"17","author":"Randerath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201403-099OC","article-title":"Respiratory Determinants of Diurnal Hypercapnia in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. What Does Weight Have to Do with It?","volume":"11","author":"Javaheri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.02124.x","article-title":"Work of breathing and respiratory drive in obesity","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.1.257","article-title":"CO2 homeostasis during periodic breathing in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"88","author":"Berger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201508-563OC","article-title":"Determinants of Wake PCO2 and Increases in Wake PCO2 over Time in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"13","author":"Kittivoravitkul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600959","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00959-2016","article-title":"Definition, discrimination, diagnosis and treatment of central breathing disturbances during sleep","volume":"49","author":"Randerath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1279","article-title":"Is a Raised Bicarbonate, Without Hypercapnia, Part of the Physiologic Spectrum of Obesity-Related Hypoventilation?","volume":"147","author":"Manuel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202005-425RL","article-title":"Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea Syndrome in the Intensive Care Unit: A Case Series of Survivors of Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure","volume":"18","author":"Hammouda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4998-3","article-title":"High prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome in patients admitted to ICU for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: A preliminary study","volume":"44","author":"Thille","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws342","article-title":"Increased Prevalence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adults","volume":"177","author":"Peppard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1804CI","article-title":"Pulmonary Issues in Patients with Chronic Neuromuscular Disease","volume":"187","author":"Benditt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024086","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024086","article-title":"Risk factors for opioid-induced respiratory depression in surgical patients: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-010-9254-3","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Chronic Opioid Use","volume":"188","author":"Guilleminault","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9730","article-title":"Opioids and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"18","author":"Freire","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1912LE","article-title":"Population Prevalence of Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure from Any Cause","volume":"205","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.02.638","article-title":"Analysis of National Trends in Admissions for Pulmonary Embolism","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.143958","article-title":"Health, social and economical consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: A controlled national study","volume":"66","author":"Jennum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-019-00300-w","article-title":"Risk of Readmission and Mortality Following Hospitalization with Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure","volume":"198","author":"Meservey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202009-1197OC","article-title":"Mortality and Healthcare Use of Patients with Compensated Hypercapnia","volume":"18","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-A\u00f1\u00f3n, O., De Llano, L.A.P., S\u00e1nchez, S.D.L.F., Golpe, R., Marote, L.M., Castro-Castro, J., and Quintela, A.G. (2015). Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome: Increased Risk of Death over Sleep Apnea Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117808"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.27","article-title":"The clinical characteristics and hospital and post-hospital survival of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome: Analysis of a large cohort","volume":"2","author":"Marik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.2.377","article-title":"The Use of Health-Care Resources in Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Berg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201912-887OC","article-title":"The Effect of Hospital Discharge with Empiric Noninvasive Ventilation on Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905-1071ST","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"200","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.083","article-title":"Optimal Noninvasive Medicare Access Promotion: Patients With Hypoventilation Syndromes: A Technical Expert Panel Report From the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Association for Respiratory Care, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"160","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210127","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0127-2021","article-title":"Chronic cough: New insights and future prospects","volume":"30","author":"Morice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00354-1","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled, Pilot Study of CPAP for Patients with Chronic Cough and Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"198","author":"Sundar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-9974-9-19","article-title":"A longitudinal study of CPAP therapy for patients with chronic cough and obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"9","author":"Sundar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cough"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-9974-6-2","article-title":"Chronic cough and obstructive sleep apnea in a community-based pulmonary practice","volume":"6","author":"Sundar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cough"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00793","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00793-2020","article-title":"Is laryngeal hypersensitivity the basis of unexplained or refractory chronic cough?","volume":"7","author":"Sundar","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Lee, E., Hong, S., Chung, S., Jung, Y., and Kim, H. (2021). Potential Therapeutic Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132861"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.04.008","article-title":"The course of lung inflation alters the central pattern of tracheobronchial cough in cat\u2014The evidence for volume feedback during cough","volume":"229","author":"Poliacek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2776","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Common in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"136","author":"Lancaster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0336-5","article-title":"How common is sleep-disordered breathing in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?","volume":"14","author":"Mermigkis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601934","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01934-2016","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and related comorbidities in incident idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"49","author":"Gille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8932","article-title":"Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with and without obstructive sleep apnea: Differences in clinical characteristics, clinical outcomes, and the effect of PAP treatment","volume":"17","author":"Papadogiannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8090","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease and COPD","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-013-0834-3","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is common in patients with interstitial lung disease","volume":"17","author":"Pihtili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.29390\/cjrt-2018-005","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with fibrotic diffuse parenchymal lung disease-characterization and treatment compliance assessment","volume":"54","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Respir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02282-z","article-title":"The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in interstitial lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-007-9004-3","article-title":"Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"185","author":"Mermigkis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.7.851","article-title":"The Influence of Lung Volume on Pharyngeal Mechanics, Collapsibility, and Genioglossus Muscle Activation during Sleep","volume":"26","author":"Stanchina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.1.430","article-title":"Upper airway muscle activity and the thoracic volume dependence of upper airway resistance","volume":"70","author":"Aronson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.12.018","article-title":"Quality of life in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: The impact of sleep disordered breathing","volume":"147","author":"Bosi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-0031-4","article-title":"OSA and Prolonged Oxygen Desaturation During Sleep are Strong Predictors of Poor Outcome in IPF","volume":"195","author":"Bosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01579-7","article-title":"A cluster-based analysis evaluating the impact of comorbidities in fibrotic interstitial lung disease","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01555-x","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality reduction associated with polysomnography testing in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A population-based cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Vozoris","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.067","article-title":"CPAP Adherence, Mortality, and Progression-Free Survival in Interstitial Lung Disease and OSA","volume":"158","author":"Adegunsoye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-014-1033-6","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea should be treated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Mermigkis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-013-0813-8","article-title":"CPAP therapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and obstructive sleep apnea: Does it offer a better quality of life and sleep?","volume":"17","author":"Mermigkis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.112896","article-title":"Upper airway.4: Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT)","volume":"65","author":"Baughman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0584","article-title":"Interrelationship Between Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Sarcoidosis","volume":"148","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"169","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in sarcoidosis and impact of CPAP treatment on fatigue","volume":"37","author":"Mari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.03.021","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and symptom burden in sarcoidosis","volume":"144","author":"Benn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000477352","article-title":"Fatigue and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Sarcoidosis: Prevalence, Predictors, and Relationships between the Two Symptoms","volume":"94","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00002512","article-title":"Sarcoidosis-associated fatigue","volume":"40","author":"Drent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.2.372","article-title":"Sleepiness, Fatigue, Tiredness, and Lack of Energy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"118","author":"Chervin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0185","article-title":"Pulmonary haemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"6","author":"Marrone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801914","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01914-2018","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease and hypoxia","volume":"53","author":"Nathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1086\/679995","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Is it Clinically Significant? A Critical Analysis of the Association and Pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Kholdani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9760","article-title":"Risk factors associated with pulmonary hypertension in obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Masa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800893","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00893-2018","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and venous thromboembolism: Pathophysiological links and clinical implications","volume":"53","author":"Selma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.12.630","article-title":"Incidence of VTE in Patients With OSA: A Cohort Study","volume":"161","author":"Genuardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101233","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and venous thromboembolism: Overview of an emerging relationship","volume":"50","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201201-0130OC","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and cancer mortality: Results from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study","volume":"186","author":"Nieto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1671OC","article-title":"Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cancer Incidence in a Large Multicenter Spanish Cohort","volume":"187","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R669","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00036.2018","article-title":"Models of intermittent hypoxia and obstructive sleep apnea: Molecular pathways and their contribution to cancer","volume":"315","author":"Hunyor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2021.8008","article-title":"Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-2\u03b1 in lung cancer","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked?","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202108-960OC","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cheong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6004","article-title":"Sleep Apnea and Cancer: Analysis of a Nationwide Population Sample","volume":"39","author":"Gozal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000697","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"26","author":"Schiza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2252LE","article-title":"Sleep Apnea and COVID-19 Mortality and Hospitalization","volume":"202","author":"Cade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02203-0","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Risk of COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization and Respiratory Failure","volume":"25","author":"Maas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000845","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2020-000845","article-title":"Sleep apnoea is a risk factor for severe COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Strausz","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillien, A., Cadiou, S., Slama, R., and Siroux, V. (2021). The Exposome Approach to Decipher the Role of Multiple Environmental and Lifestyle Determinants in Asthma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031138"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:05:16Z","timestamp":1760137516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"references-count":175,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}}}