{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:51:45Z","timestamp":1782391905720,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Evidence Implementation in Clinical Practice","award":["2020-l-DE0l-KA203-005669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-l-DE0l-KA203-005669"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The purpose of this study was to introduce a new Oral Health Activities Questionnaire (OHAQ, hereinafter) that examines different activities and behaviours related to the oral hygiene regimen of each analysed subject. Methods: A sample of 658 students was analysed to determine the OHAQ scale\u2019s basic metric characteristics. To determine the construct validity of the OHAQ, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, as well as differences testing, were applied to groups of subjects on the basis of self-reported oral status measures. Results: The dimensions of oral health activities were determined, and the scales for their measurement were constructed. Females and males differed in the OHAQ questionnaire measures. Significant but low intercorrelations were found among the measures. In the female and male subsample, four different oral health (OH, hereinafter) types of subjects were identified, exhibiting different characteristic behaviours regarding oral health. OHAQ scales showed good discriminant validity, revealing the differences related to specific self-reported oral status measures (e.g., frequency of toothache and the number of filled teeth). Conclusions: The OHAQ represents a satisfactory measurement instrument for determining the level of OH activities and for doing quick and reliable classifications of the participating subjects according to their OH activities and behaviours. The process of further validation and advancements of the OHAQ scales and measures should be continued through a clinical examination of subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T08:26:35Z","timestamp":1651566395000},"page":"5556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development and Initial Validation of the Oral Health Activities Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Aranza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3651-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Nota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Gali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavica","family":"Kozina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Tecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Poklepovi\u0107 Peri\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-6649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Milavi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-88","article-title":"Periodontal disease: The influence of metabolic syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Marchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4115.2015","article-title":"Infrared thermographic analysis of craniofacial muscles in military pilots affected by bruxism","volume":"86","author":"Baldini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3541.2013","article-title":"Influence of vision and dental occlusion on body posture in pilots","volume":"84","author":"Baldini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740071301","article-title":"Relation between clinical dental status and subjective impacts on daily living","volume":"74","author":"Leao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"215","article-title":"Unrealistic Optimism and Demographic Influence on Oral Health-Related Behaviour and Perception in Adolescents in Croatia","volume":"41","author":"Pellizzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat. Int. J. Oral Sci. Dent. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schou, L., and Blinkhorn, A.S. (1993). Oral Health Promotion, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192620033.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2001.tb00277.x","article-title":"Oral hygiene measures and promotion: Review and considerations","volume":"46","author":"Choo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2013.77.9.tb05589.x","article-title":"Oral health attitudes and behavior of dental students at the University of Zagreb, Croatia","volume":"77","author":"Badovinac","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-262","article-title":"Efficacy of essential oil mouthwash with and without alcohol: A 3-day plaque accumulation model","volume":"12","author":"Marchetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-1901-z","article-title":"Alcohol-free essential oils containing mouthrinse efficacy on three-day supragingival plaque regrowth: A randomized crossover clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Marchetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2001.290601.x","article-title":"A systematic review of selected caries prevention and management methods","volume":"29","author":"Bader","year":"2001","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"110","article-title":"A gender perspective of self-perceived oral health in adolescents: Associations with attitudes and behaviours","volume":"18","author":"Ostberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00546.x","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences of self-reported oral health behaviour in Japanese and Finnish dental students","volume":"50","author":"Kawamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00621.x","article-title":"Comparison of United States and Korean dental hygiene students using the Hiroshima university-dental behavioural inventory(HU-DBI)","volume":"52","author":"Kawamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595X.2001.tb00833.x","article-title":"A cross-cultural comparison of dental health attitudes and behaviour among freshman dental students in Japan, Hong Kong and West China","volume":"51","author":"Kawamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.47.1","article-title":"A comparative study of oral health attitudes and behaviour using the Hiroshima University\u2014Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) between dental students in Britain and China","volume":"47","author":"Komabayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riad, A., P\u00f5ld, A., Olak, J., Howaldt, H.P., Klugar, M., Krsek, M., and Attia, S. (2022). Estonian Dental Students\u2019 Oral Health-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours (KAB): National Survey-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031908"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riad, A., Al-Khanati, N.M., Issa, J., Zenati, M., Abdesslem, N.B., Attia, S., and Krsek, M. (2022). Oral Health-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Arab Dental Students: Multi-National Cross-Sectional Study and Literature Analysis 2000\u20132020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031658"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.1997.61.4.tb03125.x","article-title":"A comparison of self-reported dental health attitudes and behavior between selected Japanese and Australian students","volume":"61","author":"Kawamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0579.2005.00387.x","article-title":"Oral self-care behaviours: Comparing Greek and Japanese dental students","volume":"9","author":"Polychronopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12092","article-title":"Dental caries in Arab League countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00237-z","article-title":"Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children\u2019s worldwide, 1995 to 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kazeminia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"125","article-title":"Oral health of individuals aged 3\u201380 years in J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden during 30 years (1973\u20132003). I. Review of findings on dental care habits and knowledge of oral health","volume":"29","author":"Hugoson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Swed. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.87","article-title":"Caries risk assessment models in caries prediction","volume":"42","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Med. Acad."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"310","article-title":"Comparison of Oral Hygiene Habits of the 4th Year Students of Different Faculties of University of Zagreb","volume":"43","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2011.00658.x","article-title":"Is the use of fluoride toothpaste optimal? Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour concerning fluoride toothpaste and toothbrushing in different age groups in Sweden","volume":"40","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, R., and Baelum, V. (2007). Factors associated with dental attendance among adolescents in Santiago, Chile. BMC Oral Health, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-7-4"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"163","article-title":"Knowledge, practices and perceptions regarding oral health preventive measures among Mexican dental students: A cross-sectional survey study","volume":"35","author":"Mortellaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2346061","article-title":"Evaluation of Final-Year Turkish Dental Students\u2019 Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Perceived Competency towards Preventive Dentistry","volume":"2019","author":"Peker","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697402","article-title":"Oral Health Attitudes and Behavior among a Group of Turkish Dental Students","volume":"3","author":"Peker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ansari, J., Honkala, E., and Honkala, S. (2003). Oral health knowledge and behavior among male health sciences college students in Kuwait. BMC Oral Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-3-2"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"260","article-title":"Dental health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among students at the Kuwait University Health Sciences Centre","volume":"12","author":"Hamadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract. Int. J. Kuwait Univ. Health Sci. Cent."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, K., Yao, Y., Shen, X., Lu, C., and Guo, Q. (2019). Assessment of the oral health behavior, knowledge and status among dental and medical undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0716-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S249708","article-title":"Self-Reported Oral Health Attitudes and Behaviors, and Gingival Status of Dental Students","volume":"12","author":"Badeia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2002.tb03432.x","article-title":"Validation of self-reported oral health measures","volume":"62","author":"Pitiphat","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2002.00014.x","article-title":"Validity and limitations of self-reported periodontal health","volume":"30","author":"Buhlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0007","article-title":"Validation of self-reported history of root canal treatment in a southern Brazilian subpopulation","volume":"33","author":"Franciscatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12205","article-title":"Comparing self-reported and clinically diagnosed unmet dental treatment needs using a nationally representative survey","volume":"77","author":"Farmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margozzini, P., Berr\u00edos, R., Cantarutti, C., Veliz, C., and Ortuno, D. (2019). Validity of the self-reported number of teeth in Chilean adults. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0794-5"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsui, D., Yamamoto, T., Nishigaki, M., Miyatani, F., Watanabe, I., Koyama, T., Ozaki, E., Kuriyama, N., Kanamura, N., and Watanabe, Y. (2016). Validity of self-reported number of teeth and oral health variables. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0248-2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02218.x","article-title":"The validity of self-reported oral health status in the elderly","volume":"51","author":"Douglass","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2010.00016.x","article-title":"Validity of the self-reported number of natural teeth in Japanese adults","volume":"1","author":"Ueno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f8vik, H., Kolberg, M., Gj\u00f8ra, L., Nymoen, L.C., Skudutyte-Rysstad, R., Hove, L.H., Sun, Y.Q., and Fagerhaug, T.N. (2022). The validity of self-reported number of teeth and edentulousness among Norwegian older adults, the HUNT Study. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02116-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.160196","article-title":"Validity of Self-Reported Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"87","author":"Abbood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080607","article-title":"Assessment of self-report measures for predicting population prevalence of periodontitis","volume":"80","author":"Eke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1997.tb00574.x","article-title":"Reliability of a self-reported health questionnaire in a periodontal disease study","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"138","article-title":"The reliability and validity of self-reported temporomandibular disorder pain in adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Nilsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12061","article-title":"The relationship between lifestyle and self-reported oral health among American adults","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obreg\u00f3n-Rodr\u00edguez, N., Fern\u00e1ndez-Riveiro, P., Pi\u00f1eiro-Lamas, M., Smyth-Chamosa, E., Montes-Mart\u00ednez, A., and Su\u00e1rez-Cunqueiro, M.M. (2019). Prevalence and caries-related risk factors in schoolchildren of 12- and 15-year-old: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0806-5"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Lan, J., Zhang, T., Sun, W., Liu, P., and Wang, Z. (2021). Oral health and caries\/gingivitis-associated factors of adolescents aged 12\u201315 in Shandong province, China: A cross-sectional Oral Health Survey. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01640-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramantoro, T., Santoso, C.M.A., Hariyani, N., Setyowati, D., Zulfiana, A.A., Nor, N.A.M., Nagy, A., Pratamawari, D.N.P., and Irmalia, W.R. (2021). Effectiveness of the school-based oral health promotion programmes from preschool to high school: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256007"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_805_18","article-title":"Effectiveness of school dental health education on the oral health status and knowledge of children: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Asokan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res. Off. Publ. Indian Soc. Dent. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:05:45Z","timestamp":1760137545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]}}}