{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:48:15Z","timestamp":1762051695460,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lyme disease (LD) is the most common vector-borne disease in the USA. Beyond its tick-borne nature, however, risk factors for LD are poorly understood. We used an online questionnaire to compare LD patients and non-LD counterparts and elucidate factors associated with LD. We investigated demographic, lifestyle, and household characteristics and use of prevention measures. Associations with LD were modeled using logistic regression, and average marginal effects were estimated. In total, 185 active or past LD patients and 139 non-patients participated. The majority of respondents were white (95%) and female (65%). Controlling for age, sex, and type of residential area, pet ownership was associated with an 11.1% (p = 0.038) increase in the probability of LD. This effect was limited to cat owners (OR: 2.143, p = 0.007; dog owners, OR: 1.398, p = 0.221). Living in rural areas was associated with a 36% (p = 0.001) increase in the probability of LD compared to living in an urban area. Participants who reported knowing someone with Lyme Disease were more likely to wear insect repellant and perform tick checks. This study suggests opportunities for improved LD prevention, including advising cat owners of their increased risk. Although patterns in adoption of LD prevention methods remain poorly understood, concern about LD risk does motivate their use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T13:10:26Z","timestamp":1651756226000},"page":"5618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cat Ownership and Rural Residence Are Associated with Lyme Disease Prevalence in the Northeastern United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Roome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bassett Research Institute, Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, Cooperstown, NY 13326, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Wander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4985-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph M.","family":"Garruto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme Disease\u2014A Tick-Borne Spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11138","article-title":"What Do We Need to Know About Disease Ecology to Prevent Lyme Disease in the Northeastern United States?","volume":"49","author":"Eisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. E\u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-12-199912210-00003","article-title":"Musculoskeletal and Neurologic Outcomes in Patients with Previously Treated Lyme Disease","volume":"131","author":"Shadick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-8-199410150-00002","article-title":"The Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Lyme Disease: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"121","author":"Shadick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S140224","article-title":"Empirical validation of the Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire for suspected Lyme disease","volume":"10","author":"Citera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00224","article-title":"The Clinical, Symptom, and Quality-of-Life Characterization of a Well-Defined Group of Patients with Posttreatment Lyme Disease Syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Rebman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.169","article-title":"Manifestations of Lyme carditis","volume":"232","author":"Kostic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.202728","article-title":"Evaluation of commercial insurance claims as an annual data source for Lyme disease diagnoses","volume":"27","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009462","article-title":"Emergence of Lyme Disease in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, 1993: A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors and Evaluation of Reporting Patterns","volume":"147","author":"Orioski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x","article-title":"Effect of Forest Fragmentation on Lyme Disease Risk","volume":"17","author":"Allan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0251-9","article-title":"Forest fragmentation predicts local scale heterogeneity of Lyme disease risk","volume":"146","author":"Brownstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roome, A., Spathis, R., Hill, L., Darcy, J.M., and Garruto, R.M. (2018). Lyme Disease Transmission Risk: Seasonal Variation in the Built Environment. Healthcare, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6030084"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8503006","article-title":"The Biological and Social Phenomenon of Lyme Disease","volume":"260","author":"Barbour","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0395","article-title":"Human Risk of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Agent, in Eastern United States","volume":"86","author":"Brinkerhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100","article-title":"The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk","volume":"100","author":"LoGiudice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.2.239","article-title":"Human Behaviors Elevating Exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs and Their Associated Bacterial Zoonotic Agents in a Hardwood Forest","volume":"41","author":"Lane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. E\u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finch, C., Al-Damluji, M.S., Krause, P.J., Niccolai, L., Steeves, T., O\u2019Keefe, C.F., and Diuk-Wasser, M.A. (2014). Integrated Assessment of Behavioral and Environmental Risk Factors for Lyme Disease Infection on Block Island, Rhode Island. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084758"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.3.844-848.2001","article-title":"Dogs as Sentinels for Human Lyme Borreliosis in The Netherlands","volume":"39","author":"Goossens","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.4.596","article-title":"Different Activities and Footwear Influence Exposure to Host-Seeking Nymphs of Ixodes scapularisandAmblyomma americanum(Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"38","author":"Carroll","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. E\u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm2702_7","article-title":"Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior","volume":"27","author":"Brewer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30173-9","article-title":"Determinants of tick-avoidance behaviors in an endemic area for Lyme dis-ease","volume":"13","author":"Shadick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/142.Supplement_9.S39","article-title":"Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Incident Lyme Disease in California","volume":"142","author":"Ley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12712","article-title":"Log Odds and the Interpretation of Logit Models","volume":"53","author":"Norton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowser, N.H., and Anderson, N.E. (2018). Dogs (Canis familiaris) as Sentinels for Human Infectious Disease and Application to Canadian Populations: A Systematic Review. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5040083"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.1.49","article-title":"Use of tick surveys and serosurveys to evaluate pet dogs as a sentinel species for emerging Lyme disease","volume":"70","author":"Hamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.11.1448","article-title":"Dogs as sentinels for Lyme disease in Massachusetts","volume":"81","author":"Lindenmayer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.006","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in dogs and humans in the USA","volume":"26","author":"Little","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.12.009","article-title":"Estimating Lyme disease risk using pet dogs as sentinels","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170841","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170841","article-title":"Model-based risk assessment and public health analysis to prevent Lyme disease","volume":"4","author":"Sharareh","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5618\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:06:21Z","timestamp":1760137581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095618","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]}}}