{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:44:22Z","timestamp":1767084262130,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The purpose of the present study was to identify which, and to what extent, selected individual determinants of 10-year-old children may limit the final achievement in learning to swim. In view of the above, the research hypothesis was formulated that some children, despite regular attendance at swimming classes, do not achieve the learning outcomes set in the curriculum. The reason for this may be unfavorable (compared to their peers) morphological and functional characteristics, coordination motor abilities, and problems with fear of water. Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 271 students from the third grade of elementary schools who could not swim when they entered the physical education classes at the swimming pool and then participated in at least 25 swimming lessons during the school year. After these classes, the students performed swimming tests, and their somatic and functional characteristics and coordination motor abilities were measured. Results: In 46.1% of the participants, the final achievement level was lower than assumed in the school curriculum. The biggest problem for teachers and students in the initial teaching and learning to swim was the high fear of water, especially among girls. Furthermore, children characterized by lower body height and body weight, a lower sum of three skinfolds, and lower BMI had problems with progress in swimming. Despite the differences, these values did not correlate significantly with the final achievement level in swimming, except for body height in boys. Slower progress in swimming was also associated with lower vital capacity, whereas no relationship was found between final achievement level in swimming and trunk flexibility or foot mobility. However, significant correlations occurred for coordination motor abilities, as in almost all tests the participants characterized by the achievement level below the objectives set out in the curriculum performed significantly worse than children in the group with the achievement level meeting the objectives. Conclusions: In many cases, children who begin learning to swim from scratch make significant progress, but for many of them, the achievement levels are lower than the requirements set out in the school curriculum. The biggest problem for teachers and students in the initial teaching and learning to swim was the high fear of water, especially among girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T14:49:38Z","timestamp":1651848578000},"page":"5663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Individual Determinants as the Causes of Failure in Learning to Swim with the Example of 10-Year-Old Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Sports, Academy of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Stanula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Miko\u0142owska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Swinarew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Miko\u0142owska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Skaliy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Physical Culture, University of Economy, 03057 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Skalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, Lviv State University of Physical Culture, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Faculty of Recreation, Academy of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Wiesner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Recreation, Academy of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Ambro\u017cy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kaganek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching and Innovation, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Institute of Entrepreneurship and Management, University of Physical Education in Cracow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7956-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Rydzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Ambro\u017cy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388619","article-title":"Passive drag is still a good evaluator of swimming aptitude","volume":"59","author":"Chatard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. 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