{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:54:43Z","timestamp":1790463283046,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singapore Food Agency"},{"name":"National Environment Agency, Singapore"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella Enteritidis is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. In this study, a total of 276 S. enteritidis isolates, collected between 2016 and 2017 from human, food and farm\/slaughterhouse samples, were studied to enhance the understanding of the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Singapore. Results showed all 276 isolates belonged either to ST1925 (70.3%) or ST11 (29.7%), with ST11 being significantly more frequent in extra-intestinal isolates and chicken isolates. Food isolates, most of which were from poultry, showed the highest prevalence of resistance (33\u201337%) against beta-lactams or beta-lactams\/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination (ampicillin, piperacillin and ampicillin\/sulbactam). The analysis showed the detection of genes associated with resistance to aminoglycoside genes (99.6%), tetracycline (55.1%), and beta-lactams (14.9%) of all isolates. Nine types of plasmids were found in 266 isolates; the most common incompatibility group profiles were IncFIB(S)-IncFII(S)-IncX1 (72.2%) and IncFIB(S)-IncFII(S) (15.8%). Most plasmid harbouring isolates from chicken (63.6%, 14\/22) and from human (73.8%, 175\/237) shared the same plasmid profile (IncFIB(S)-IncFII(S)-IncX1). SNP analysis showed clustering of several isolates from poultry food products and human isolates, suggesting phylogenetic relatedness among these isolates. Lastly, this study provides important epidemiological insights on the application of phenotypic and next-generation sequencing (NGS) tools for improved food safety and public health surveillance and outbreak investigation of S.enteritidis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T14:49:38Z","timestamp":1651848578000},"page":"5671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Characterisation of Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 and ST1925 Associated with Human Intestinal and Extra-Intestinal Infections in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyaw Thu","family":"Aung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 718837, Singapore"},{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore"},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Singapore 637459, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3931-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Ching","family":"Khor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 718837, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kar Hui","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 718837, Singapore"},{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei Ling","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 718837, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Ning","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 718837, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Quan","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 718837, Singapore"},{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Kwan","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal & Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore 718827, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian Zi Yan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal & Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore 718827, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5448-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Maiwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Wen Sim","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0975-2244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Barkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tse Hsien","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Dalsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Singapore 637459, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0107-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swaine L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUHS Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joergen","family":"Schlundt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Singapore 637459, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee Ching","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium identification in poultry carcasses","volume":"10","author":"Afshari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. 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