{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:12:03Z","timestamp":1778605923023,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a severe inflammatory disease associated with a higher comorbidity of depression, cognitive dysfunction and brain atrophy. The association between psoriasis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers and cognitive impairment has rarely been investigated, and the existing results are conflicting. Methods. This study included 89 subjects (53 patients with psoriasis and 36 healthy controls). The severity of psoriasis was evaluated using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score; for depression, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scale was used. Neuropsychological tests were also applied, including a Trail Making Test (TMT) as well as Digit Span, Stroop, Verbal Fluency and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning tests. MRI scans were performed using a 1.5 T scanner. Brain volumetry, white matter lesions, grey matter and white matter were evaluated. The extent of these changes was assessed on the Fazekas scale. The differences between groups were evaluated using a Student\u2019s t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test, and a Pearson correlation analysis was also performed. Results. Patients with psoriasis presented worse achievements on all the neuropsychological tests and showed more intense changes on MRI compared to healthy controls. The severity of psoriasis as determined by PASI scores was associated with depression, and a greater psychomotor slowness severity of changes in the brain was associated with poorer results on the neurological tests. Conclusions. Our results indicate the possibility of progressive brain atrophy related to cognitive decline in psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1651997061000},"page":"5687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cognitive Functions Associated with Brain Imaging Markers in Patients with Psoriasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0712-1222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza","family":"Marek-Jozefowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Ludwik Rydygier, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9759-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Lemanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Grochocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Ludwik Rydygier, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bia\u0142czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz M.","family":"Kozera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Simulation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119bowa 17 Street, 80-208 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Serafin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3418-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Ludwik Rydygier, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Borkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570992","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.570992","article-title":"Association Between Psoriasis and Dementia: Current Evidence","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.11.057","article-title":"Joint AAD-NPF Guidelines of Care for the Management and Treatment of Psoriasis with Biologics","volume":"80","author":"Menter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3631","article-title":"Association of Psoriasis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"154","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.12.011","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Psoriasis: A Matched Case-Control Study","volume":"105","author":"Innamorati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2018.05.035","article-title":"Psoriasis and Depression: The Role of Inflammation","volume":"110","year":"2019","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000090652","article-title":"An Italian Study on Psoriasis and Depression","volume":"212","author":"Esposito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14460","article-title":"Depression and Suicidality in Psoriasis: Review of the Literature Including the Cytokine Theory of Depression","volume":"31","author":"Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.108","article-title":"Major Depressive Disorder Increased Risk of Psoriasis: A Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study","volume":"278","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.026","article-title":"Psoriasis Is Associated with Increased Intima\u2013Media Thickness\u2014The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)","volume":"225","author":"Troitzsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.064","article-title":"Psoriasis and Comorbid Diseases","volume":"76","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.11.025","article-title":"Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Psoriasis Referred for Coronary Angiography","volume":"109","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.149","article-title":"Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals with Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"133","author":"Samarasekera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-00420-8","article-title":"Association between Psoriasis and Dementia: A Population-Based Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.07.046","article-title":"Psoriasis Is Not Associated with Cognition, Brain Imaging Markers, and Risk for Dementia: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"85","author":"Pezzolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000357220","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis","volume":"228","author":"Gisondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0187-3","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment","volume":"17","author":"Colgecen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207809","article-title":"Associations between Specific Autoimmune Diseases and Subsequent Dementia: Retrospective Record-Linkage Cohort Study, UK","volume":"71","author":"Wotton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls187","article-title":"The Role of Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"68","author":"Koyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00250","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3595","article-title":"Psoriasis and Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study of 121,801 Patients","volume":"100","author":"Kridin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.091","article-title":"Association between Psoriasis and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"84","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"514","article-title":"Increased Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Psoriasis Is Associated with Active Systemic Inflammation: Arterial Stiffness in Psoriasis Patients","volume":"164","author":"Yiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"286","article-title":"Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Mild or Moderate Psoriasis","volume":"33","author":"Haberka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.14-2-178","article-title":"Psoriasis: Guidance on Assessment and Referral","volume":"14","author":"Samarasekera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0759-9","article-title":"Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a Valid Measure in a General Population 65\u201380 Years Old? A Psychometric Evaluation Study","volume":"15","author":"Djukanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.051","article-title":"The Role of Cognitive Impairment in Psychosocial Functioning in Remitted Depression","volume":"235","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-019-0307-4","article-title":"Verstimmt, verzerrt, vergesslich: Das Zusammenwirken emotionaler und kognitiver Dysfunktionen bei Depression","volume":"33","author":"Dehn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatrie"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19025","article-title":"Is Psoriasis Associated with Dementia or Cognitive Impairment? A Critically Appraised Topic*","volume":"184","author":"Yen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00412-y","article-title":"Cognition, Brain Structure, and Brain Function in Individuals with Obesity and Related Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200114102524","article-title":"Pathophysiological Features of Obesity and Its Impact on Cognition: Exercise Training as a Non-Pharmacological Approach","volume":"26","author":"Inoue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001207","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5687\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:07:26Z","timestamp":1760137646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/9\/5687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19095687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095687","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]}}}