{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:17:52Z","timestamp":1788941872572,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["Kessler 90DPTB0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Kessler 90DPTB0003"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["NTX-TBIMS 90DPTB0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTX-TBIMS 90DPTB0013"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["JFK 90DPTB0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JFK 90DPTB0014"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["#R21TW009746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R21TW009746"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["Spaulding\/Harvard TBIMS: 90DPTB0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Spaulding\/Harvard TBIMS: 90DPTB0011"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["TIRR 90DPTB0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIRR 90DPTB0016"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["Kessler 90DPTB0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Kessler 90DPTB0003"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["NTX-TBIMS 90DPTB0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTX-TBIMS 90DPTB0013"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["JFK 90DPTB0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JFK 90DPTB0014"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["#R21TW009746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R21TW009746"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["Spaulding\/Harvard TBIMS: 90DPTB0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Spaulding\/Harvard TBIMS: 90DPTB0011"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["TIRR 90DPTB0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIRR 90DPTB0016"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["Kessler 90DPTB0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Kessler 90DPTB0003"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["NTX-TBIMS 90DPTB0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTX-TBIMS 90DPTB0013"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["JFK 90DPTB0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JFK 90DPTB0014"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["#R21TW009746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R21TW009746"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["Spaulding\/Harvard TBIMS: 90DPTB0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Spaulding\/Harvard TBIMS: 90DPTB0011"]}]},{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["TIRR 90DPTB0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIRR 90DPTB0016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To compare characteristics of caregivers of adults with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the U.S. and Latin America (Mexico and Colombia). Design: Secondary data analysis of two cohorts. Cohort 1: English-speaking caregivers of adults with TBI in the U.S. (n = 80). Cohort 2: Spanish-speaking caregivers of adults with TBI in Mexico or Colombia (n = 109). Results: Similarities between the U.S. and Latin American caregiver groups, respectively, were: predominantly women (81.3%, 81.7%, respectively); spouses\/domestic partners (45%, 31.2%); and motor vehicle accident (41.5%, 48.6%) followed by fall etiologies (40%, 21.1%). Differences between U.S. and Latin American caregivers were: age (49.5 years, 41.5 years, p &lt; 0.001); employment status ((\u03a752 = 59.63, p &lt; 0.001), full-time employment (63.7%, 25.7%), homemaker (2.5%, 31.2%), and retired (17.5%, 1.8%)); violence-related etiology (2.5%, 15.6%); and severity of depressive symptoms (M = 7.9, SD = 5.8; M = 5.8, SD = 5.7; p = 0.014). Conclusions: TBI caregivers in the U.S. were older and employed full-time or retired more often than those in Latin America. Violence-related etiology was nearly five times more common in Latin America, raising concerns for potential implications of post-traumatic stress and family adjustment after injury. Although both groups likely could use mental health support, this was particularly true of the U.S. cohort, maybe due to differential demographics, mechanisms of injury, or family and community support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1651997061000},"page":"5717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Caregiver Characteristics of Adults with Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States and Latin America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon B.","family":"Juengst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"TIRR Memorial Hermann Brain Injury Research Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, UT Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul B.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"},{"name":"Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Klyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"},{"name":"Sheltering Arms Institute, Richmond, VA 23233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7597-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Therese M.","family":"O\u2019Neil-Pirozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Lengenfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA"},{"name":"Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk","family":"Lercher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health, Edison, NJ 08820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Librada","family":"Callender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott & White Institute for Rehabilitation, Dallas, TX 75246, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7184-8311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Arango-Lasprilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: A review","volume":"44","author":"Bruns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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