{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:33:52Z","timestamp":1782128032200,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"The Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["269855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["269855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Western Norway Regional Health Authority","award":["269855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["269855"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with poor nutrition. Vitamin B9, or folate, is an important micronutrient for health. The aim of this prospective longitudinal cohort study was to assess serum folate levels among people with SUD and to investigate the impact of factors related to substance use severity on folate status. Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics for opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and municipal health-care clinics for SUD in Western Norway. They were assessed annually, including blood sampling for determination of micronutrient status. Overall, 663 participants with a total of 2236 serum folate measurements were included. A linear mixed model was applied, and measures are presented as \u03b2-coefficients with 95% confidence interval (CI). Forty-eight percent (CI: 44\u201351) of the population had low serum folate levels (s-folate &lt; 10 nmol\/L), and 23% (CI: 20\u201326) were deficient (s-folate &lt; 6.8 nmol\/L) at baseline. Sixty percent (CI: 53\u201365) sustained their poor folate status in at least one subsequent assessment. Except for weekly use of cannabis (mean difference in serum folate [nmol\/L]: \u22121.8, CI: \u22123.3, \u22120.25) and alcohol (1.9, CI: 0.15, 3.6), weekly use of no other substance class was associated with baseline differences in serum folate when compared to less frequent or no use. Injecting substances was associated with a reduction in serum folate over time (\u22121.2, CI: \u22122.3, \u22120.14), as was higher dosages of OAT medication (\u22121.1, CI: \u22122.2, \u22120.024). Our findings emphasize the need of addressing nutrition among people with severe SUD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1652131407000},"page":"5754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Folate Status as a Nutritional Indicator among People with Substance Use Disorder; A Prospective Cohort Study in Norway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mitra","family":"Bemanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5012 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-7638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rn Henrik","family":"Vold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5012 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5036 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0055-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranadip","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi 110016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer Frode","family":"Aas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5012 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5036 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Gjestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5036 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell Arne","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5012 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars Thore","family":"Fadnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5012 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S105","article-title":"Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr. 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