{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:34:03Z","timestamp":1762050843248,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Substance-abuse disorders are universally associated with comorbid illness. Tobacco is a widely abused substance across the globe and presents a critical public health problem. The precise correlation between tobacco use and dental caries remains unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between tobacco use and dental caries. Methodology: Based on selection criteria, a total of 270 (age 20\u201350 years) participants were included in the study, and were categorized as group A (n = 135), consisting of tobacco users, and group B (n = 135), comprising healthy controls (non-users). The Decayed, Missing, and Filled index (DMFT) was used to measure caries status. The Simplified Oral Hygiene index was used to evaluate oral health. Results: The tobacco group reported the use of cigarettes; smokeless tobacco in indigenous forms, such as gutka (areca nut, tobacco, and slaked lime), betel nut chewing; and a combination. Individuals with tobacco habits had a higher prevalence of dental caries (Mean DMFT 4.73 \u00b1 4.32) compared to the non-habit group (Mean DMFT 3.17 \u00b1 3.11 (p = 0.001). The Oral Hygiene index was significantly higher (indicating bad\/poor oral hygiene) in tobacco abusers than those of non-users (p = 0.0001). Duration and frequency of tobacco use were correlated with the levels of moderate and severe caries (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Psychoactive substance abuse, such as smoking\/smokeless tobacco consumption, is associated with higher prevalence of dental caries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1652171515000},"page":"5818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dental Caries and Oral Health Status of Psychoactive Substance Abusers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Bhavsar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara 391760, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara 391760, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namratha A.","family":"Ajith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara 391760, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinjal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Science, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 387001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-amoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5946-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammam Ahmed","family":"Bahammam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Ahmed","family":"Bahammam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina 46526, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9055-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassam","family":"Zidane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8163-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassreen Hassan Mohammad","family":"Albar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Bhandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Thirumal","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shankargouda","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004). 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