{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:23:41Z","timestamp":1792805021971,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Institute of Cannabis Research at Colorado State University-Pueblo"},{"name":"Idaho State University Office for Research","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0162z8b04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimizing peak bone mass is critical to healthy aging. Beyond the established roles of dietary minerals and protein on bone integrity, fatty acids and polyphenols modify bone structure. This study investigated the effect of a diet containing hempseeds (HS), which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, on bone mineral density, bone cell populations and body composition. Groups (n = 8 each) of female C57BL\/6 mice were fed one of three diets (15% HS by weight; 5% HS; 0% HS (control)) from age 5 to 30 weeks. In vivo whole-body composition and bone mineral density and content were measured every 4 weeks using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ex vivo humeri cell populations in the epiphyseal plate region were determined by sectioning the bone longitudinally, mounting the sections on slides and staining with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase stain to identify osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. Mixed models with repeated measures across experimental weeks showed that neither body weight nor body weight gain across weeks differed among groups yet mice fed the 15% HS diet consumed significantly more food and more kilocalories per g body weight gained than those fed the 5% HS and control diets (p &lt; 0.0001). Across weeks, fat mass was significantly higher in the 5% HS versus the control group (p = 0.02). At the end point, whole-body bone mineral content was significantly higher in the control compared to the 5% HS group (p = 0.02). Humeri from both HS groups displayed significantly lower osteoblast densities compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.0001). No relationship was seen between osteoblast density and body composition measurements. These data invite closer examination of bone cell activity and microarchitecture to determine the effect of habitual HS consumption on bone integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1652264386000},"page":"5839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Hempseed Consumption on Bone Parameters and Body Composition in Growing Female C57BL\/6 Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5442-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared J.","family":"Barrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7259-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaden","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Bunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailey M.","family":"Streff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandler A.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick W.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette M.","family":"Gabald\u03ccn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hansen, D., Pelizzari, P., and Pyenson, B. (2021). Medicare Costs of Osteoporotic Fractures, National Osteoporotic Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/assets.milliman.com\/ektron\/Medicare_cost_of_osteoporotic_fractures.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6808.961","article-title":"Role of Peak Bone Mass and Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: 12 Year Study","volume":"303","author":"Hansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117034","article-title":"Timing of Peak Bone Mass in Caucasian Females and Its Implication for the Prevention of Osteoporosis. Inference from a Cross-Sectional Model","volume":"93","author":"Matkovic","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1229","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2173","article-title":"Optimizing Bone Health in Children and Adolescents","volume":"134","author":"Golden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumberg, J.B., Frei, B., Fulgoni, V.L., Weaver, C.M., and Zeisel, S.H. (2017). Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy in Various Adult Age Groups. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121325"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2019.04.005","article-title":"Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Contributes to Increased Bone Mineral Accretion and Strength in Young Female Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"144","author":"Farahnak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(03)00063-2","article-title":"Modulatory Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Osteoblast Function and Bone Metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Watkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-6-2","article-title":"An Increase in Dietary N-3 Fatty Acids Decreases a Marker of Bone Resorption in Humans","volume":"6","author":"Griel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1270-x","article-title":"Oleuropein Enhances Osteoblastogenesis and Inhibits Adipogenesis: The Effect on Differentiation in Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.11082FP","article-title":"Tea Polyphenols Inhibit Rat Osteoclast Formation and Differentiation","volume":"118","author":"Oka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064614","article-title":"Dietary Fat and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Recent Controversies and Advances","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000510","article-title":"Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"Sacks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2015.03.001","article-title":"Pros and Cons of Fatty Acids in Bone Biology","volume":"58","author":"Wauquier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1649","article-title":"Habitual Flavonoid Intakes Are Positively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Women","volume":"27","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.285","article-title":"Associations between Dietary Flavonoid Intakes and Bone Health in a Scottish Population","volume":"26","author":"Hardcastle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2012.698220","article-title":"Flavonoid Intake and Bone Health","volume":"31","author":"Weaver","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2763-9","article-title":"Association between Dietary Intake of Flavonoid and Bone Mineral Density in Middle Aged and Elderly Chinese Women and Men","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5623","article-title":"Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Cold-Pressed Seed Oil from Finola Cultivar of Cannabis sativa L","volume":"30","author":"Smeriglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12517","article-title":"Hempseed in Food Industry: Nutritional Value, Health Benefits, and Industrial Applications","volume":"19","author":"Leonard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.934","article-title":"Ratio of N-6 to n-3 Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"81","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000406","DOI":"10.3945\/cdn.117.000406","article-title":"Osteoclast Differentiation Is Downregulated by Select Polyphenolic Fractions from Dried Plum via Suppression of MAPKs and Nfatc1 in Mouse C57BL\/6 Primary Bone Marrow Cells","volume":"1","author":"Graef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02490-4","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Regulate Systemic Bone Mass and Protect from Pathological Bone Loss","volume":"9","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.05.030","article-title":"Borage and Fish Oils Lifelong Supplementation Decreases Inflammation and Improves Bone Health in a Murine Model of Senile Osteoporosis","volume":"50","author":"Wauquier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agidigbi, T.S., and Kim, C. (2019). Reactive Oxygen Species in Osteoclast Differentiation and Possible Pharmaceutical Targets of ROS-Mediated Osteoclast Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143576"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2138-z","article-title":"The Omega-6 Arachidonic Fatty Acid, but Not the Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Inhibits Osteoblastogenesis and Induces Adipogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Implication in Osteoporosis","volume":"24","author":"Dorado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14477","article-title":"The Polyphenol Resveratrol Promotes Skeletal Growth in Mice through a Sirtuin 1-Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 Longevity Axis","volume":"175","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.09.014","article-title":"Select Polyphenolic Fractions from Dried Plum Enhance Osteoblast Activity through BMP-2 Signaling","volume":"55","author":"Graef","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.07.015","article-title":"Icaritin and Its Glycosides Enhance Osteoblastic, but Suppress Osteoclastic, Differentiation and Activity In Vitro","volume":"81","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa081","article-title":"Dietary Hemp Seeds More Effectively Attenuate Disorders in Genetically Obese Rats than Their Lipid Fraction","volume":"150","author":"Opyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12735","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12735","article-title":"Therapeutic Potentials and Modulatory Mechanisms of Fatty Acids in Bone","volume":"53","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154922","article-title":"Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Markers of Inflammation and Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"126","author":"Askarpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"421746","article-title":"Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells","volume":"2015","author":"Sasso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7938","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102299","article-title":"The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Bone, Hematopoietic Marrow and Marrow Adipose Tissue in a Murine Model of Senile Osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Alderghaffar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.05.019","article-title":"Defining Osteoblast and Adipocyte Lineages in the Bone Marrow","volume":"118","author":"Pierce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sk\u0159ivan, M., Englmaierov\u00e1, M., Taubner, T., and Sk\u0159ivanov\u00e1, E. (2020). Effects of Dietary Hemp Seed and Flaxseed on Growth Performance, Meat Fatty Acid Compositions, Liver Tocopherol Concentration and Bone Strength of Cockerels. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030458"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sk\u0159ivan, M., Englmaierov\u00e1, M., V\u00edt, T., and Sk\u0159ivanov\u00e1, E. (2019). Hempseed Increases Gamma-Tocopherol in Egg Yolks and the Breaking Strength of Tibias in Laying Hens. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217509"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Federal Register, and US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service (2022, May 07). Establishment of a Domestic Hemp Production Program, Available online: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2021\/01\/19\/2021-00967\/establishment-of-a-domestic-hemp-production-program."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2022, May 07). PR Newswire Global $544.93 Million Hemp Seeds Markets to 2027. PR Newswire US, 5 May 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/global-544-93-million-hemp-seeds-markets-to-2027--301284430.html."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12794","article-title":"Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) Research Priorities: Opinions from United States Hemp Stakeholders","volume":"13","author":"Ellison","year":"2021","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12730","article-title":"Specialty Seeds: Nutrients, Bioactives, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"20","author":"Alasalvar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flurkey, K., and Currer, J. (2007). Mouse Models in Aging Research. The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369454-6\/50074-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.838S","article-title":"Components of the AIN-93 Diets as Improvements in the AIN-76A Diet","volume":"127","author":"Reeves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Wang, X., Xu, X.L., Yuan, X.L., Gou, W.L., Wang, A.Y., Guo, Q.Y., Peng, J., and Lu, S.B. (2014). Bone Microstructure and Regional Distribution of Osteoblast and Osteoclast Activity in the Osteonecrotic Femoral Head. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096361"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94955","article-title":"Paracrine Osteoprotegerin and \u03b2-Catenin Stabilization Support Synovial Sarcomagenesis in Periosteal Cells","volume":"128","author":"Barrott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.06.016","article-title":"Bone Marrow Fat Has Brown Adipose Tissue Characteristics, Which Are Attenuated with Aging and Diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Krings","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.11.005","article-title":"The Multifaceted Roles of PRDM16: Adipose Biology and Beyond","volume":"27","author":"Chi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0442-z","article-title":"Bone Marrow Adipocyte Developmental Origin and Biology","volume":"16","author":"Bukowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-1552-y","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD Signaling Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Adipocyte Commitment","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.2.350","article-title":"Bone Mineral Content, Not Bone Mineral Density, Is the Correct Bone Measure for Growth Studies","volume":"78","author":"Heaney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.6.837","article-title":"Uncritical Use of Bone Mineral Density in Absorptiometry May Lead to Size-Related Artifacts in the Identification of Bone Mineral Determinants","volume":"60","author":"Prentice","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.07.002","article-title":"Effect of Fish Oil on Bone Mineral Density in Aging C57BL\/6 Female Mice","volume":"18","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.385","article-title":"Dietary Alpha-Linolenic Acid Inhibits Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(87)90017-2","article-title":"The Role of Bone Cells in Increasing Metaphyseal Hard Tissue in Rapidly Growing Rats Treated with Prostaglandin E2","volume":"8","author":"Jee","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farinon, B., Molinari, R., Costantini, L., and Merendino, N. (2020). The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071935"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"213","article-title":"Contents of Phytochemicals and Antinutritional Factors in Commercial Protein-Rich Plant Products","volume":"2","author":"Mattila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0710640","article-title":"Phytate: Impact on Environment and Human Nutrition. A Challenge for Molecular Breeding","volume":"9","author":"Bohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2015.61003","article-title":"Evaluation of Protein Concentration, Amino Acid Profile and Antinutritional Compounds in Hempseed Meal from Dioecious and Monoecious Varieties","volume":"6","author":"Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1127","article-title":"Phytate, Iron, Zinc, and Calcium Content of Common Bolivian Foods and Their Estimated Mineral Bioavailability","volume":"7","author":"Lazarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.2.283","article-title":"Dietary Tannins from Cowpeas and Tea Transiently Alter Apparent Calcium Absorption but Not Absorption and Utilization of Protein in Rats","volume":"124","author":"Chang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muszy\u0144ski, S., Tomaszewska, E., Dobrowolski, P., Kwiecie\u0144, M., Wi\u0105cek, D., \u015awietlicka, I., Skibi\u0144ska, M., Szyma\u0144ska-Chargot, M., Orze\u0142, J., and \u015awietlicki, M. (2018). Analysis of Bone Osteometry, Mineralization, Mechanical and Histomorphometrical Properties of Tibiotarsus in Broiler Chickens Demonstrates a Influence of Dietary Chickpea Seeds (Cicer Arietinum L.) Inclusion as a Primary Protein Source. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208921"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000031","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000031","article-title":"Increasing Doses of Blueberry Polyphenols Alters Colonic Metabolism and Calcium Absorption in Ovariectomized Rats","volume":"64","author":"Cladis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Merill, A., and Watt, B. (2022, May 07). Energy Value of Foods: Basis and Derivation, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400525\/Data\/Classics\/ah74.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.035782","article-title":"Discrepancy between the Atwater Factor Predicted and Empirically Measured Energy Values of Almonds in Human Diets","volume":"96","author":"Novotny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002649","article-title":"Measured Energy Value of Pistachios in the Human Diet","volume":"107","author":"Baer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.217372","article-title":"Walnuts Consumed by Healthy Adults Provide Less Available Energy than Predicted by the Atwater Factors","volume":"146","author":"Baer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198010163031605","article-title":"Absorption of Whole Peanuts, Peanut Oil, and Peanut Butter","volume":"303","author":"Levine","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.604","article-title":"Role of Cell Walls in the Bioaccessibility of Lipids in Almond Seeds","volume":"80","author":"Ellis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.088328","article-title":"Effect of Mastication on Lipid Bioaccessibility of Almonds in a Randomized Human Study and Its Implications for Digestion Kinetics, Metabolizable Energy, and Postprandial Lipemia","volume":"101","author":"Grundy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.07.018","article-title":"Natural Product Agonists of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR\u03b3): A Review","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170042","article-title":"Adipose Organ Development and Remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Cinti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/10\/5839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:09:07Z","timestamp":1760137747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/10\/5839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19105839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19105839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]}}}