{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:29:59Z","timestamp":1788474599292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Research, Department of Health &amp; Social Care of the United Kingdom"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implementing and monitoring infection prevention and control (IPC) measures at immigration points of entry (PoEs) is key to preventing infections, reducing excessive use of antimicrobials, and tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Sierra Leone has been implementing IPC measures at four PoEs (Queen Elizabeth II Quay port, Lungi International Airport, and the Jendema and Gbalamuya ground crossings) since the last Ebola outbreak in 2014\u20132015. We adapted the World Health Organization IPC Assessment Framework tool to assess these measures and identify any gaps in their components at each PoE through a cross-sectional study in May 2021. IPC measures were Inadequate (0\u201325%) at Queen Elizabeth II Quay port (21%; 11\/53) and Jendema (25%; 13\/53) and Basic (26\u201350%) at Lungi International Airport (40%; 21\/53) and Gbalamuya (49%; 26\/53). IPC components with the highest scores were: having a referral system (85%; 17\/20), cleaning and sanitation (63%; 15\/24), and having a screening station (59%; 19\/32). The lowest scores (0% each) were reported for the availability of IPC guidelines and monitoring of IPC practices. This was the first study in Sierra Leone highlighting significant gaps in the implementation of IPC measures at PoEs. We call on the AMR multisectoral coordinating committee to enhance IPC measures at all PoEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"5936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Infection Prevention and Control Measures at Points of Entry in Sierra Leone in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kadijatu Nabie","family":"Kamara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Disease Surveillance Programme, Directorate of Health Security and Emergencies (DHSE), Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS), Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8593-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Sylvester","family":"Squire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Disease Surveillance Programme, Directorate of Health Security and Emergencies (DHSE), Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS), Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Sam","family":"Kanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Disease Surveillance Programme, Directorate of Health Security and Emergencies (DHSE), Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS), Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Carshon-Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Progamme, MoHS, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zikan","family":"Koroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratories, Directorate of Laboratory and Blood Services, MoHS, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminata Tigiedankay","family":"Koroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Disease Surveillance Programme, Directorate of Health Security and Emergencies (DHSE), Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS), Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6417-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Maruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC\/AMR Team Lead, World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, 21A\/B Riverside Drive, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Kallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Prevention and Control Unit, DHSE, MoHS, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Manzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bienvenu Salim","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maferinyah National Research and Training Centre, Ministry of Health, Conakry BP 1147, Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9327-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aelita","family":"Sargsyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Centre, 6\/2 Adonts Str., 100 Apt., Yerevan 0014, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Delamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Training and Research Centre in Rural Health, 01 Maferinyah, Forecariah BP 2649, Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie Ann","family":"Guth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Connections, Center Barnstead, Barnstead, NH 03225, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LuxOR, Operational Research Unit, M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, 68 rue Gasperich, L-1617 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Khogali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Alex","family":"Vandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHSE, MoHS, Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, January 29). 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