{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:32:21Z","timestamp":1774927941986,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The US Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch (DoDGEIS)"},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division (AFHSD)"},{"name":"Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance (DoDGRS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of influenza and other seasonal respiratory viruses in the United States. All data were obtained from the US Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program over five consecutive respiratory seasons from 2016\u20132017 through to 2020\u20132021. A total of 62,476 specimens were tested for seasonal respiratory viruses. The circulating patterns of seasonal respiratory viruses have been greatly altered during the pandemic. The 2019\u20132020 influenza season terminated earlier compared to the pre-pandemic seasons, and the 2020\u20132021 influenza season did not occur. Moreover, weekly test positivity rates dramatically decreased for most of the seasonal respiratory viruses from the start of the pandemic through spring 2021. After the easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), circulations of seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus have returned since spring 2021. High rhinovirus\/enterovirus activity was evident throughout the 2020\u20132021 respiratory season. The findings suggest a strong association between the remarkably changed activity of seasonal respiratory viruses and the implementation of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The NPIs may serve as an effective public health tool to reduce transmissions of seasonal respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"5942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wenping","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7556-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Fries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie S.","family":"DeMarcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffery W.","family":"Thervil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bismark","family":"Kwaah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Sjoberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100043","article-title":"The prevention of common respiratory virus epidemics in 2020\u201321 during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: An unexpected benefit of the implementation of public health measures","volume":"2","author":"Avadhanula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. 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