{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:02:45Z","timestamp":1788300165662,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind shoulder dysfunctions in patients with diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Systematic qualitative literature review. Participants: Patients with shoulder dysfunctions and diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus. Intervention: Published scientific literature containing evidence about the mechanisms of shoulder dysfunctions in the diabetic population. Articles were selected based on criteria containing diabetic population, shoulder dysfunction, methodological quality \u2265 6\/9 and &gt;20 subjects. Main Outcome measures: range of motion; questionnaires (QoL, UCLA-m, SPADI, DASH); blood glucose, blood HbA1C; calculated capsular stiffness (Kcap); calcification shoulder joint; shoulder dysfunction in patients with glucose metabolism disorders and diabetes mellitus. Results: We found 17 published articles with level 2 and 3 evidence. Multiple factors such as age, duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1\u00df (IL-1\u00df) were shown to be associated with tendon changes and increased capsular stiffness (Kcap) conceivably leading to limited range of motion (ROM) or frozen shoulder. Decreased ROM and frozen shoulder have a significantly higher prevalence in DM than in non-DM. Conclusions: Based on the current literature we confirm a high prevalence of shoulder dysfunctions in patients with diabetes mellitus. The cause of the shoulder complications is unknown, and more research is mandatory to shed more light on the complex interplay between the multifactorial causes of shoulder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T13:56:12Z","timestamp":1653054972000},"page":"6228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Causes of Shoulder Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients: A Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9128-9684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Struyf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy\/MOVANT, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7170-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy\/MOVANT, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Navarro-Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Campus of Melilla, Querol Street 5, 52004 Melilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and International Diabetes Federation (2006). 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