{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:02:30Z","timestamp":1792789350818,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005234","name":"Faculty Development Funds of Central China Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0900-31101210201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0900-31101210201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005234","name":"Faculty Development Funds of Central China Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005234","name":"Faculty Development Funds of Central China Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCNU20TD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCNU20TD001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the open project of the Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of the Ministry of Education","award":["0900-31101210201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0900-31101210201"]}]},{"name":"the open project of the Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of the Ministry of Education","award":["2019A04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A04"]}]},{"name":"the open project of the Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of the Ministry of Education","award":["CCNU20TD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCNU20TD001"]}]},{"name":"the self-determined research funds of CCNU from the colleges\u2019 basic research and operation of MOE","award":["0900-31101210201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0900-31101210201"]}]},{"name":"the self-determined research funds of CCNU from the colleges\u2019 basic research and operation of MOE","award":["2019A04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A04"]}]},{"name":"the self-determined research funds of CCNU from the colleges\u2019 basic research and operation of MOE","award":["CCNU20TD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCNU20TD001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influence of social and family factors on adolescent mental health has been widely valued. Considering adolescents\u2019 family systems in a broader social context facilitates a better understanding of their mental health, which also has special significance in the post-epidemic era. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between social support and family functioning during adolescence. Students from two middle schools in Fujian province, China, were recruited as participants. Seven hundred and fifty-four participants completed the questionnaire twice in six-month intervals. We constructed a cross-lagged model by using IBM SPSS AMOS 26.0 to test the relationship between these two variables. Social support and family functioning predicted each other in the girls, but not for the boys\u2019 sample. The results of this study suggested that the interaction between family and social factors and the possible gender differences should be considered when dealing with adolescents\u2019 mental health problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T22:57:22Z","timestamp":1653346642000},"page":"6327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Social Support and Family Functioning during Adolescence: A Two-Wave Cross-Lagged Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xianglian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Department of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangtian","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Essex Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.4276","article-title":"Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013 Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study","volume":"170","author":"Kyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01507-6","article-title":"The Prevalence of Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Chinese School Children and Adolescents Aged 6-16: A National Survey","volume":"30","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psych."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00230","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Amenable Resilience Factors That Moderate and\/or Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Mental Health in Young People","volume":"9","author":"Fritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589403","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.589403","article-title":"Toward an Integrated Model of Supportive Peer Relationships in Early Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mitic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60149-4","article-title":"Adolescent Health 2 Adolescence and the Social Determinants of Health","volume":"379","author":"Viner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030444","article-title":"Family Boundary Structures and Child Adjustment: The Indirect Role of Emotional Reactivity","volume":"26","author":"Lindahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404004626","article-title":"Toward an Integration of Family Systems and Developmental Psychopathology Approaches","volume":"16","author":"Davies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5834.00206","article-title":"Child Emotional Security and Interparental Conflict","volume":"67","author":"Davies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000625","article-title":"Adolescent Interactions With Family and Emotions During Interactions: Variation by Family Structure","volume":"34","author":"Wikle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"98","article-title":"The Theoretical Basis and Research Application of Social Support Rating Scale","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-021-01441-z","article-title":"Perceived Social Support from Different Sources and Adolescent Life Satisfaction Across 42 Countries\/Regions: The Moderating Role of National-Level Generalized Trust","volume":"50","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"53","article-title":"Social-Support Moderated Stress: A Nonlinear Dynamical Model and the Stress-Buffering Hypothesis","volume":"15","author":"Field","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn. Psychol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.169094","article-title":"Social Support and Protection from Depression: Systematic Review of Current Findings in Western Countries","volume":"209","author":"Gariepy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2027491","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27491","article-title":"Association of Social Support During Adolescence With Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults","volume":"3","author":"Scardera","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24334","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024334","article-title":"Social Support, Resilience, and Self-Esteem Protect against Common Mental Health Problems in Early Adolescence A Nonrecursive Analysis from a Two-Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-016-9786-1","article-title":"Peer Violence in the School Environment and Its Relationship with Subjective Well-Being and Perceived Social Support Among Children and Adolescents in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Alcantara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., and Kantor, J. (2020). Social Support and Family Quality of Life in Chinese Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Mediating Role of Family Cohesion and Adaptability. Int. J. Dev. Disabil., 18.","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2020.1803706"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21725","article-title":"Family Functioning and the Well-Being of Children with Chronic Conditions: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Leeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307","article-title":"Resilience in Development and Psychopathology: Multisystem Perspectives","volume":"Volume 17","author":"Cannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12960","article-title":"Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mental Distress and Life Satisfaction among Older Chinese Men and Women: The Role of Family Functioning","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaspar, T., Gomez-Baya, D., Trindade, J.S., Guedes, F.B., Cerqueira, A., and de Matos, M.G. (2021). Relationship Between Family Functioning, Parents\u2019 Psychosocial Factors, and Children\u2019s Well-Being. J. Fam. Issues.","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X211030722"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01094-z","article-title":"Family Functioning and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: Disentangling between-, and Within-Family Associations","volume":"49","author":"Mastrotheodoros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-020-00345-3","article-title":"Study of the Effect of Family Communication and Function, and Satisfaction with Body Image, on Psychological Well-Being of Obese Girls: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and Depression","volume":"14","author":"KavehFarsani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105270","article-title":"Family Functioning and Adolescent Behavior Problems: A Moderated Mediation Model of Caregiver Depression and Neighborhood Collective Efficacy","volume":"116","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0410-1","article-title":"Family Resources as Protective Factors for Low-Income Youth Exposed to Community Violence","volume":"45","author":"Hardaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0438-x","article-title":"The Promotive and Protective Effects of Family Factors in the Context of Peer and Community Risks for Aggression","volume":"45","author":"Farrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Ma, X., Yu, X., Ye, M., Li, N., Lu, S., and Wang, J. (2021). Childhood Trauma and Psychological Distress: A Serial Mediation Model among Chinese Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136808"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., and Kantor, J. (2021). Social Support and Family Functioning in Chinese Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073504"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., and Liu, D. (2021). Family Function Fully Mediates the Relationship between Social Support and Perinatal Depression in Rural Southwest China. BMC Psychiatry, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03155-9"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barragan Martin, A.B., Molero Jurado, M.D.M., Perez-Fuentes, M.D.C., Oropesa Ruiz, N.F., Martos Martinez, A., Simon Marquez, M.D.M., and Gazquez Linares, J.J. (2021). Interpersonal Support, Emotional Intelligence and Family Function in Adolescence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105145"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Family structure and function during adolescence: Relationship with social support, tobacco, alcohol and drugs consumption, and psychic discomfort","volume":"39","author":"Milena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aten. Prim."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.05.007","article-title":"Parental Adjustment, Marital Relationship, and Family Function in Families of Children with Autism","volume":"6","author":"Gau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.1113","article-title":"The General Functioning Scale of the Family Assessment Device: Does It Work with Chinese Adolescents?","volume":"57","author":"Shek","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.07.004","article-title":"Adolescent Predictors of Satisfaction with Social Support Six Years Later: An Australian Longitudinal Study","volume":"44","author":"Winefield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705400","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.705400","article-title":"Associations of Family Functioning and Social Support With Psychopathology in Children of Mentally Ill Parents: Multilevel Analyses From Different Rating Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Sell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-019-00550-w","article-title":"The Pattern of Social Support Seeking and Its Socio-Demographic Variations among Older Adults in China","volume":"17","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Gilligan, C., and Voice, I. (1993). Psychological Theory and Womens Development, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.02.009","article-title":"Family Functioning and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Moderated Mediation Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Ohannessian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1037\/1045-3830.23.4.496","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Student Adjustment During Early Adolescence","volume":"23","author":"Rueger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-018-1171-x","article-title":"What Role Do Family Composition and Functioning Play in Emotional and Behavioural Problems among Adolescent Boys and Girls?","volume":"64","author":"Paclikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.061","article-title":"Depression and Anxiety among Adolescents during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woody, M.L., Kaurin, A., McKone, K.M.P., Ladouceur, C.D., and Silk, J.S. (2021). Displays of Negative Facial Affect during Parent-Adolescent Conflict and the Bidirectional Transmission of Social Anxiety. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13530"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.07.021","article-title":"The Effects of Pubertal Timing on Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"45","author":"Dimler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0696-6","article-title":"Adolescent Sex Differences in Response to a Mindfulness Intervention: A Call for Research","volume":"26","author":"Bluth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01406-7","article-title":"Facilitating Improvements in Young People\u2019s Social Relationships to Prevent or Treat Depression: A Review of Empirically Supported Interventions","volume":"11","author":"Filia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12248","article-title":"Understanding Processes of Peer Clique Influence in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Develop. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01332-9","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"50","author":"Magson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/10\/6327\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:16:54Z","timestamp":1760138214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/10\/6327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19106327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19106327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]}}}