{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:19:22Z","timestamp":1760231962424,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71871103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71871103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In light of the traffic congestion and traffic environment problems around schools that are caused by students commuting by car, this paper explores an efficient and feasible student commuting travel plan. Based on the ideas of \u201cpublic\u2013private cooperation\u201d and \u201cparking sharing\u201d, combined with the characteristics of the family travel chain during the commuting period, a joint-commuting model of \u201cprivate car and school bus\u201d is creatively proposed. On the basis of considering the travel cost of parents and the operating cost of school bus, a two-phase commuting travel model for primary and secondary schools is proposed, and an algorithm is designed. The validity of the model is verified by an example and sensitivity analysis. The results show that the total time cost can be reduced by 23.33% when the private-car commuting mode is converted to the joint-commuting model. Among the results, we found that the driving time of a private car in the school commuting phase can be reduced by 23.36%, the dwell time can be reduced by 92.29%, and the driving time in the work and home phase can be reduced by 7.44%. Compared with the school-bus commuting mode, the school-bus time cost of joint commuting can be reduced by 54.88%. In addition, by analyzing the impact of various factors on the objective function and vehicle emissions, it can be seen that staggered commuting to school, regulating regional traffic volume, increasing parking spaces, and improving the utilization of parking spaces can effectively reduce the operating time cost of vehicles and exhaust emissions. The joint-commuting model proposed in this paper considers the balance between service level and resource consumption. While meeting the door-to-door travel needs of students, it can effectively reduce the travel costs of parents and school-bus operation costs, and it can alleviate traffic congestion around schools and reduce the impact on the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"6435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Two-Phase, Joint-Commuting Model for Primary and Secondary Schools Considering Parking Sharing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Huasheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3579-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9634-x","article-title":"Factors affecting children\u2019s journeys to school: A joint escort-mode choice model","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Traffic characteristics analysis and suggestions on school bus operation for primary school students in Beijing","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"74","article-title":"Characteristics and management for commuting trips of primary school students","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urban Transp. China"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Campbell, E.K., and Wang, Q. (2009, January 11\u201315). Pupil transportation: Factors affecting mode choice and the amount of parent-driven trips to school. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board Meeting 88th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-007-9144-6","article-title":"Modeling children\u2019s school travel mode and parental escort decisions","volume":"35","author":"Yarlagadda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9794-y","article-title":"Mode choice and travel distance joint models in school trips","volume":"45","author":"Ermagun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chang, X.N. (2015). Study on Optimization of Traffic Management of Urban Primary. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jilin University]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"960","article-title":"Study on the influence of student shuttle vehicle on Beijing road traffic","volume":"38","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2019.03.014","article-title":"School bus routing problem: Contemporary trends and research directions","volume":"95","author":"William","year":"2020","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3141\/2239-08","article-title":"Modeling preference for school bus service in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Stated preference approach","volume":"2239","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2016.0721","article-title":"School bus routing with stochastic demand and duration constraints","volume":"51","author":"Caceres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3","article-title":"Modeling mixed load school bus routing","volume":"8","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quant. Approaches Logist. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2018.09.004","article-title":"SpeedRoute: Fast, efficient solutions for school bus routing problems","volume":"117","author":"Shafahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/net.21589","article-title":"The school bus routing and scheduling problem with transfers","volume":"65","author":"Doerner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Networks"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2011.04.015","article-title":"Solving school bus routing using the multiple vehicle traveling purchaser problem: A branch-and-cut approach","volume":"39","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2012.08.011","article-title":"A column generation approach for a school bus routing problem with resource constraints","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601324","article-title":"Heuristic solutions to the problem of routing school buses with multiple objectives","volume":"53","author":"Fernandez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601917","article-title":"Tabu search for a multi-objective routing problem","volume":"57","author":"Pacheco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10288-017-0340-8","article-title":"A multi-objective capacitated rural school bus routing problem with heterogeneous fleet and mixed loads","volume":"15","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"4OR"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-014-9280-4","article-title":"Inter-school bus scheduling under stochastic travel times","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Netw. Spat. Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.05.017","article-title":"The school bus routing problem: A review","volume":"202","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/net.3230160104","article-title":"An exact algorithm for the asymmetrical capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"16","author":"Laporte","year":"1986","journal-title":"Networks"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1137\/1033004","article-title":"A branch-and-cut algorithm for the resolution of large-scale symmetric traveling salesman problems","volume":"33","author":"Padberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"101","article-title":"A hybrid column generation and clustering approach to the school bus routing problem with time windows","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ingenier\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.12.4.568","article-title":"Scheduling of vehicles from central depot to a number of delivery points","volume":"12","author":"Clarke","year":"1964","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.08.022","article-title":"A post-improvement procedure for the mixed load school bus routing problem","volume":"217","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.22.2.340","article-title":"A heuristic algorithm for the vehicle dispatch problem","volume":"22","author":"Gillett","year":"1974","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1040.0096","article-title":"Decision-aiding methodology for the school bus routing and scheduling problem","volume":"39","author":"Spada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"63","article-title":"Open vehicle routing problem by ant colony optimization","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Huo, L., Yan, G., Fan, B., Wang, H., and Gao, W. (September, January 31). School bus routing problem based on ant colony optimization algorithm. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.03.049","article-title":"Integration of efficient multi-objective ant-colony and a heuristic method to solve a novel multi-objective mixed load school bus routing model","volume":"68","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105192200114","article-title":"Rural school vehicle routing problem","volume":"1922","author":"Ripplinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1120.0437","article-title":"Bi-objective bus routing: An application to school buses in rural areas","volume":"47","author":"Pacheco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3141\/2647-17","article-title":"Calculating the optimal school bus routing and its impact on safety and environment protection","volume":"2647","author":"Kotoula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.02.025","article-title":"A metaheuristic for the school bus routing problem with bus stop selection","volume":"229","author":"Schittekat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/07408179708966379","article-title":"A computerized approach to the New York City school bus routing problem","volume":"29","author":"Brace","year":"1997","journal-title":"IIE Trans."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(96)00021-5","article-title":"Queueing at unsignalized intersections","volume":"31","author":"Heidemann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136018","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3116503","article-title":"Queueing Theory Based Vehicular Traffic Management System Through Jackson Network Model and Optimization","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00024-8","article-title":"A decision model for gap acceptance and capacity at intersections","volume":"36","author":"Pollatschek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00186-019-00662-0","article-title":"Generalized gap acceptance models for unsignalized intersections","volume":"89","author":"Abhishek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Methods Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.11.035","article-title":"A school bus scheduling problem","volume":"218","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Delay Model of Vehicles at Urban Road Drop-off Area","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Syst. Simul."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Wang, L.T. (2016). Study on the Influence of Idling Emission on the Atmospheric Environment of the Community. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Beijing Jiaotong University]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Yu, Y.B. (2017). Study on Emission Characteristics of Normal Transit Exhaust Based on Bus Operation States. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Southeast University]."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:18:36Z","timestamp":1760138316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19116435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]}}}