{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:51:59Z","timestamp":1788897119516,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Pathway to Independence Award in Tobacco Regulatory Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00CA242589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00CA242589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Pathway to Independence Award in Tobacco Regulatory Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54CA229973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA229973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Pathway to Independence Award in Tobacco Regulatory Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA072720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA072720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Penn\/Rutgers TCORS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00CA242589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00CA242589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Penn\/Rutgers TCORS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54CA229973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA229973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Penn\/Rutgers TCORS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA072720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA072720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00CA242589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00CA242589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54CA229973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA229973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA072720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA072720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2021 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was completed by youth online during class time, either in school or at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the role of NYTS data in tobacco regulatory science, it is vital to understand the effect of survey settings (home, school) on tobacco-use estimates. We used a series of multivariable logistic regressions to examine whether survey settings (home vs. school) predicted current e-cigarette use among high school students, controlling for other known predictors of e-cigarette use as well as the pandemic learning model that was dominant in students\u2019 counties (e.g., nearly all at-home, majority in school). We observed a significant survey setting effect. Those who completed the survey in school had higher odds of current e-cigarette use than those who completed the same survey at home (AOR = 1.74); this effect was attenuated when we controlled for the pandemic learning model (AOR = 1.38). Moreover, e-cigarette use was independently associated with students\u2019 learning model; students whose schools were nearly entirely in-person had the highest odds of e-cigarette use compared to students whose learning model was nearly all at-home (AOR = 1.65). Survey setting is a methodological artifact in the 2021 NYTS. Perceived privacy and peer effects can potentially explain this artifact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T08:50:22Z","timestamp":1653555022000},"page":"6468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Examining the Survey Setting Effect on Current E-Cigarette Use Estimates among High School Students in the 2021 National Youth Tobacco Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1797-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Chen-Sankey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle T.","family":"Bover Manderski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-6327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristine D.","family":"Delnevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6745a5","article-title":"Notes from the Field: Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Any Tobacco Product among Middle and High School Students\u2014United States, 2011\u20132018","volume":"67","author":"Cullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su6901a7","article-title":"Tobacco Product Use among High School Students\u2014Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Creamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6937e1","article-title":"E-Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students\u2014United States, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7105a1","article-title":"Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students\u2014National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Gentzke","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Office on Smoking and Health (2021). 2021 National Youth Tobacco Survey: Methodology Report."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Office on Smoking and Health (2020). 2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey: Methodology Report."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx031","article-title":"Importance of Survey Design for Studying the Epidemiology of Emerging Tobacco Product Use among Youth","volume":"186","author":"Delnevo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.09.008","article-title":"Monitoring the Tobacco Use Epidemic III: The Host: Data Sources and Methodological Challenges","volume":"48","author":"Delnevo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9501900604","article-title":"Selection Bias Related to Parental Consent in School-Based Survey Research","volume":"19","author":"Anderman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eval. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X0102500504","article-title":"Do Participation Rates Change When Active Consent Procedures Replace Passive Consent","volume":"25","author":"Pokorny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eval. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00052-1","article-title":"Assessment of Factors Affecting the Validity of Self-Reported Health-Risk Behavior among Adolescents: Evidence from the Scientific Literature","volume":"33","author":"Brener","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00343-9","article-title":"An Assessment of the Effect of Data Collection Setting on the Prevalence of Health Risk Behaviors among Adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Kann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00063-X","article-title":"Prevalence of Youth Substance Use: The Impact of Methodological Differences between Two National Surveys","volume":"47","author":"Gfroerer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfh039","article-title":"Does Telephone Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing Improve the Accuracy of Prevalence Estimates of Youth Smoking? Evidence from the UMass Tobacco Study","volume":"68","author":"Currivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfl003","article-title":"The Association of Survey Setting and Mode with Self-Reported Health Risk Behaviors among High School Students","volume":"70","author":"Brener","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Opin. Q."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"183","article-title":"Breach of Privacy in Surveys on Adolescent Drug Use: A Methodological Inquiry","volume":"4","author":"Chilcoat","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080009148424","article-title":"Response Effects Due to Bystander Presence in CASI and Paper-and-Pencil Surveys of Drug Use and Alcohol Use","volume":"35","author":"Aquilino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantey, D.S., Omega-Njemnobi, O., Ruiz, F.A., Chen, B., Springer, A.E., and Kelder, S.H. (2022). Remote versus In-Person Learning during COVID-19: Comparison of E-Cigarette Susceptibility and Ever Use among a Diverse Cohort of 6 Th Grade Students in Texas. Nicotine Tob. Res., ntac084.","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac084"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). A Report of the Surgeon General: Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6635a1","article-title":"Health-Related Behaviors and Academic Achievement among High School Students\u2014United States, 2015","volume":"66","author":"Rasberry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0900900402","article-title":"Cem: Coarsened Exact Matching in Stata","volume":"9","author":"Blackwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2019.11","article-title":"Why Propensity Scores Should Not Be Used for Matching","volume":"27","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Political Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpl013","article-title":"Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference","volume":"15","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Political Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(85)90108-5","article-title":"A Comparison of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drug Use as Determined from Household and School Surveys","volume":"16","author":"Rootman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.08.001","article-title":"Electronic-Cigarette Smoking Experience among Adolescents","volume":"49","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsaa097","article-title":"Associations between Peer Use, Costs and Benefits, Self-Efficacy, and Adolescent E-Cigarette Use","volume":"46","author":"Durkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108476","article-title":"Association between Observing Peers Vaping on Campus and E-Cigarette Use and Susceptibility in Middle and High School Students","volume":"219","author":"Mantey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.07.022","article-title":"Youth Observation of E-Cigarette Use in or around School, 2019","volume":"60","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Jargon, J. (2022, April 01). Vaping Moves from the Bathroom to the Classroom. The Wall Street Journal. Available online: https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/vaping-moves-from-the-bathroom-to-the-classroom-11566293404."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00943.x","article-title":"Response Consistency in Young Adolescents\u2019 Drug Use Self-Reports: A Recanting Rate Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Percy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1086\/297849","article-title":"A Comparison of Computer-Assisted and Paper-and-Pencil Self-Administered Questionnaires in a Survey on Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug Use","volume":"62","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327795jra0904_5","article-title":"Collecting Sensitive Self-Report Data with Laptop Computers: Impact on the Response Tendencies of Adolescents in a Home Interview","volume":"9","author":"Supple","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.11.011","article-title":"Youth Who Use E-Cigarettes Regularly: A Qualitative Study of Behavior, Attitudes, and Familial Norms","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.028","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s Not Smoke. It\u2019s Not Tar. It\u2019s Not 4000 Chemicals. Case Closed\u201d: Exploring Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceived Social Norms of e-Cigarette Use among Adult Users","volume":"159","author":"Coleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2009.00455.x","article-title":"Academic achievement and adolescent drug use: An examination of reciprocal effects and correlated growth trajectories","volume":"80","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010038130788","article-title":"Understanding the links among school misbehavior, academic achievement, and cigarette use: A national panel study of adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Bryant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6468\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:19:03Z","timestamp":1760138343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19116468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]}}}