{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:13:39Z","timestamp":1785863619250,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u2014The recent burden of lip and oral cavity, nasopharynx and other pharynx cancer (LOCP) has not been specifically investigated in Europe. Methods\u2014In this descriptive epidemiological study, LOCP was categorised into lip and oral cavity cancer, nasopharynx cancer and other pharynx cancer, with European trends documented using the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD). Summary statistics included deaths, age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR), mortality rates, YLLs (years of life lost), YLDs (years of life lived with disability) and DALYS (disability-adjusted life years). Results\u2014Lip and oral cavity cancer (LO) is the most dominant with the incidence decreasing from 6.2 new cases per 100,000 (95% UI: 6.1\u20136.4) in 1990 to 5.3 new cases per 100,000 (95% UI: 4.6\u20136.1). However, nasopharynx cancer (NP) and other pharynx cancer (OP) increased from 1 and 2.2 new cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 1.1 and 3.3 new cases per 100,000 in 2019, respectively. It was noted that LOCP YLLs is much higher than YLDs. In Europe, eastern European countries, specifically Hungary, have the highest burden of LOCP. When LOCP attributable to tobacco in Ireland was compared with the EU, the percentage decrease in OP DALYs attributable to tobacco is below the EU average, whereas the percentage decrease in LO attributable to tobacco in Ireland was above the EU average. Conclusions\u2014There has been a significant increase in ASIR in categories other pharynx and nasopharynx cancer since 1990, with significant geographic variations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T07:05:07Z","timestamp":1653635107000},"page":"6532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Lip, Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Cancer Burden in the European Union from 1990\u20132019 Using the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Aisling","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahern\u2019s Dental Practice, Killorglin, Co. Kerry Bridge Place Dental Practice, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Cork University Dental School and Hospital, University College Cork (UCC), 200444 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1529-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork (UCC), 200444 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6537-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ir\u00e9ad","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Services Research Centre, Cork University Dental School and Hospital, University College Cork (UCC), 200444 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 03). Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Available online: https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.101949","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of biliary tract cancer from 1990 to 2017 based on the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2003.09.013","article-title":"Trends in oral cancer mortality in Europe","volume":"40","author":"Lucchini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2017.09.001","article-title":"Impact of Oral Cancer on Quality of Life","volume":"62","author":"Valdez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-3284-3-47","article-title":"Economic burden of resected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in an incident cohort of patients in the UK","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Head Neck Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-011-0195-z","article-title":"Oral cancer: Risk factors and molecular pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Ram","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.12.035","article-title":"The Inequitable Global Burden of Lip and Oral Cancers: Widening Disparities across Countries","volume":"79","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease. The Lancet (2021, January 06). Available online: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/gbd."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"The DALY (2021, August 24). Global Health CEA. Available online: http:\/\/ghcearegistry.org\/orchard\/the-daly."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"United Nations European Classification Map. Wikipedia (2021, August 25). Available online: https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg\/1280px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2002, May 20). Map Chart. Available online: https:\/\/www.mapchart.net\/europe.html."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"OECD (2022, April 03). European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. France: Country Health Profile. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/social-issues-migration-health\/france-country-health-profile-2019_d74dbbda-en."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"OECD (2022, April 03). European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Hungary: Country Health Profile. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/social-issues-migration-health\/hungary-country-health-profile-2019_4b7ba48c-en."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"OECD (2022, April 03). European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Cyprus: Country Health Profile. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/publications\/cyprus-country-health-profile-2019-2078ba2a-en.htm."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021, August 25). Public Health Tobacco Act, 2004. Available online: https:\/\/www.tobaccocontrollaws.org\/files\/live\/Ireland\/Ireland%20-%20PHA%202004%20-%20national.pdf."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6532\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:19:42Z","timestamp":1760138382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19116532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116532","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]}}}