{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:33:23Z","timestamp":1778196803587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52002032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52002032"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["300102342517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102342517"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LGF20E080010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF20E080010"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["52002032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52002032"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["300102342517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102342517"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["LGF20E080010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF20E080010"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52002032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52002032"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["300102342517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102342517"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LGF20E080010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF20E080010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to stop-and-go events, bus stops are often treated as \u201chot spots\u201d for air pollution. The design of bus stops should be optimized to reduce emissions and exposure for transit commuters. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of bus stop platform types on vehicle emissions and individual pollution exposure. Second-by-second emissions data were first collected from one bus using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). Microscopic traffic simulation was then used to estimate overall traffic emissions under six scenarios with different bus stop settings. Numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion was also conducted to calculate individual pollution exposure at bus stops. The results of PEMS tests showed no significant differences between bus emissions generated near two different types of stops. However, the effect of platform types on overall traffic emissions was revealed using traffic simulation. The results demonstrated that bus bays reduced the emissions of other heavy-duty vehicles. However, bus bays were not always effective during rush hours. The study also highlighted the importance of the location of bus stops, the number of bus lines, and the length of the platform, in addition to dynamic characteristics of traffic flows in the design of bus stop platforms. Bus stop platforms also affected individuals\u2019 exposure due to the changes in the pollutant flow field. The passenger\u2019s exposure at one bus stop was influenced by both the platform type and standing location. Results suggested that in a condition with a wind direction perpendicular to the bus stop shelter, the total exposure level to CO was lower at the bus bay stop if a passenger stood at the upstream of the station platform. However, the exposure was less at the downstream of the curbside bus stop.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T01:40:45Z","timestamp":1653702045000},"page":"6552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Quantifying the Impact of Alternative Bus Stop Platforms on Vehicle Emissions and Individual Pollution Exposure at Bus Stops"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0863-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Management, Control and Cycle Repair Technology for Traffic Network Facilities in Ecological Security Barrier Area, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiezhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2018.09.008","article-title":"On-road measurements and modelling of vehicular emissions during traffic interruption and congestion events in an urban traffic corridor","volume":"10","author":"Choudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:1(23)","article-title":"Impact of Stops on Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions","volume":"129","author":"Rakha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.12.020","article-title":"Evaluation of bus emissions generated near bus stops","volume":"85","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Moore, A., Figliozzi, M., and Monsere, C.M. (2012, January 22\u201326). Bus stop air quality: An empirical analysis of exposure to particulate matter at bus stop shelters. Proceedings of the 91st Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.04.018","article-title":"Commuter exposure to particulate matters in four common transportation modes in Nanjing","volume":"156","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.05.052","article-title":"Development of a composite line source emission model for traffic interrupted microenvironments and its application in particle number emissions at a bus station","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2011.09.012","article-title":"Evaluate bus emissions generated near far-side and near-side stops and potential reduction by ITS: An empirical study","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.06.010","article-title":"A simulation of transit bus emissions along an urban corridor: Evaluating changes under various service improvement strategies","volume":"31","author":"Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Han, X., Yu, L., and Wei, C. (2017). Does operation scheduling make a difference: Tapping the potential of optimized design for skipping-stop strategy in reducing bus emissions. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9101737"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.289","article-title":"Estimation of bus emission models for different fuel types of buses under real conditions","volume":"640\u2013641","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2019.1579009","article-title":"Disaggregate-level simulation of bus transit emissions in a large urban region","volume":"14","author":"Waraich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122471","article-title":"Mobile phone GPS data in urban customized bus: Dynamic line design and emission reduction potentials analysis","volume":"272","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.116195","article-title":"Effects of passenger load, road grade, and congestion level on real-world fuel consumption and emissions from compressed natural gas and diesel urban buses","volume":"282","author":"Rosero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wang, S. (2017). Numerical Simulation of Pollutant Diffusion and Dispersion at Urban Bus Stop in Wind Conditions. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shandong University]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2018.01.018","article-title":"Numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion characteristics in a three-dimensional urban traffic system","volume":"9","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.03.002","article-title":"Planning, operation, and control of bus transport systems: A literature review","volume":"77","author":"Delgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.03.012","article-title":"Exploring spatial variation of the bus stop influence zone with multi-source data: A case study in Zhenjiang, China","volume":"76","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"37","article-title":"The economics and engineering of bus stops: Spacing, design and congestion","volume":"59","author":"Tirachini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2019.04.009","article-title":"Development and emissions performance analysis of local driving cycle for small-sized passenger cars in Nanjing, China","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101949","article-title":"Time dimension analysis: Comparison of Nanjing local driving cycles in 2009 and 2017","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"PTV Vision (2011). VISSIM 5.30-05 User Manual, Planung Transport Verkehr AG."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Scora, G., and Barth, M. (2006). Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM) Version 3.01 User\u2019s Guide, University of California."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.01.030","article-title":"Vehicle emissions in congestion: Comparison of work zone, rush hour and free-flow conditions","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.09.005","article-title":"Individual and population intake fractions of diesel particulate matter (DPM) in bus stop microenvironments","volume":"207","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.099","article-title":"Delay correction model for estimating bus emissions at signalized intersections based on vehicle specific power distributions","volume":"514","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.08.046","article-title":"Determinants of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) for waiting passengers at bus stops","volume":"44","author":"Hess","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:19:56Z","timestamp":1760138396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19116552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116552","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]}}}