{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:44:45Z","timestamp":1775627085789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Virginia Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission","award":["KL2TR003016\/ULTR003015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR003016\/ULTR003015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes (RNC) are suggested to improve smoking cessation and cardiometabolic health in relation to cancer risk, the effectiveness of exercise training with RNC on smoking cessation and cardiometabolic health is unknown. Methods: Female smokers (N = 27) were randomized to: (1) usual nicotine cigarettes (i.e., control), (2) RNC or (3) RNC plus exercise treatment for 12 weeks. Smoking withdrawal symptoms (e.g., Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale) and cardiometabolic health (e.g., weight, VO2max, resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER), glucose, HOMA-IR) were examined before and after treatment. Results: Treatments had no differential effect on weight (p = 0.80; partial \u03b72 = 0.29), VO2max (p = 0.20, partial \u03b72 = 0.18), or total cholesterol\/HDL ratios (p = 0.59, partial \u03b72 = 0.06). However, RNC + Exercise tended to maintain RER (i.e., fat oxidation; p = 0.10, partial \u03b72 = 0.10) as well as insulin resistance (p = 0.13, partial \u03b72 = 0.25) and cortisol compared (p = 0.06, partial \u03b72 = 0.30) with control and RNC. Increased VO2max was also associated with lower nicotine dependence scores (r = \u22120.50, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: In this pilot study, improved fitness was associated with lower nicotine dependence. Additional work is warranted to examine the effects of exercise in smokers as a tool to improving smoking cessation and lower disease risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T23:43:03Z","timestamp":1653867783000},"page":"6647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exercise and Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Adult Female Smokers: A Pilot Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chaofan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nengliang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics & Palliative Care, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Hassinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7360-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven K.","family":"Malin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"},{"name":"New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health (2014). 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Trials"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6647\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:21:02Z","timestamp":1760138462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19116647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116647","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]}}}