{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:17:29Z","timestamp":1779257849633,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WOTRO Science for Global Development","award":["W07.45.101.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.45.101.00"]}]},{"name":"WOTRO Science for Global Development","award":["W07.45.101.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.45.101.00"]}]},{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research","award":["W07.45.101.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.45.101.00"]}]},{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research","award":["W07.45.101.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.45.101.00"]}]},{"name":"Presidential Malaria Initiative","award":["W07.45.101.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.45.101.00"]}]},{"name":"Presidential Malaria Initiative","award":["W07.45.101.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.45.101.00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Larval source management (LSM) programs for control of malaria vectors are often vertically organized, while there is much potential for involving local communities in program implementation. To address this, we evaluated the entomological impact of community-based application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in a rice irrigation scheme in Ruhuha, Rwanda. A non-randomized trial with control compared a Bti implementation program that was supervised by the project team (ES) with a program that was led and carried out by local rice farming communities (CB). One other area served as a control to assess mosquito populations without Bti application. Entomological surveys were carried out every two weeks and assessed the presence and abundance of the larval, pupal, and adult stages of Anopheles mosquitoes. In ES, the per round reduction in Anopheles larval habitats was estimated at 49%. This reduction was less in CB (28%) and control (22%) although the per round reduction in CB was still significantly higher than in control. Pupal production was almost completely prevented from round 5 (out of 10) onwards in both CB (average habitat occupancy 0.43%) and ES intervention arms (average habitat occupancy 0.27%), whereas pupal occupancy rates were on average 12.8% from round 5 onwards in the control. Emergence of adult mosquitoes from rice fields was thus prevented although this was not directly noticeable in adult An. gambiae populations in houses nearby the rice fields. Together with our earlier work on the willingness to financially contribute to the LSM program and the high perceived safety and acceptance of the Bti product, the current study demonstrates that, in an environment with limited resources, communities could become more engaged in LSM program implementation and contribute directly to malaria vector control in their environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:25:12Z","timestamp":1653956712000},"page":"6699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Community-Based Control of Malaria Vectors Using Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis (Bti) in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Hakizimana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Ministry of Health, Kigali 7162, Rwanda"},{"name":"Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal Marie","family":"Ingabire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Community-Based Socio-Therapy, Kigali 4560, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0362-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Rulisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Anthropology and Development Studies, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Kateera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Health, KG 9, Avenue 46, Kigali 3432, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9949-4386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"van den Borne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4180-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude Mambo","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali 3286, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"van Vugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Mutesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali 4285, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4431-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gebbiena M.","family":"Bron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Takken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7861-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantianus J. M.","family":"Koenraadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). World Malaria Report 2020, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2014). 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