{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:55:38Z","timestamp":1790114138791,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital Puli Branch","award":["TCVGH-P-CTUST10901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-P-CTUST10901"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital Puli Branch","award":["TCVGH-P-CTUST11001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-P-CTUST11001"]}]},{"name":"Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology","award":["TCVGH-P-CTUST10901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-P-CTUST10901"]}]},{"name":"Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology","award":["TCVGH-P-CTUST11001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-P-CTUST11001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Tongue strength reserve is the difference between the maximum isometric pressure (MIP) and swallowing pressure of the tongue. People with decreased tongue strength reserve may have a higher risk of presbyphagia or dysphagia. Thus, this study explored the effects of tongue strengthening exercise (TSE) on tongue strength reserve and detraining effects in healthy adults. Materials and Methods: In total, 102 healthy volunteers without any reported history of speech or swallowing deficits were recruited and assigned to experimental (n = 50) and control groups (n = 52). Exercises in the experimental group consisted of compressing an air-filled bulb between the tongue and hard palate for 30 min a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Thereafter, the experimental group underwent a 4-week detraining period. Results: Following the TSE training, posterior tongue strength reserve (F = 4.92, p = 0.029) of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. No significant detraining effects were observed on the MIP and swallowing pressure from 4 weeks after the completion of TSE training. Conclusions: According to the study results, TSE may be an effective approach for improving swallowing function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"6878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Tongue-Strengthening Exercise on Tongue Strength Reserve and Detraining Effects among Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hui-Ling","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiunn-Horng","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan 32544, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chieh","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Puli Branch, Nantou 54552, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Eldercare, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8252-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Ju","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Puli Branch, Nantou 54552, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 40404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6111-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shang-Jung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Puli Branch, Nantou 54552, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueh-Juen","family":"Hwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-006-9074-z","article-title":"Strength-training exercise in dysphagia rehabilitation: Principles, procedures, and directions for future research","volume":"22","author":"Burkhead","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000069470","article-title":"Fibre composition of human intrinsic tongue muscles","volume":"173","author":"Marklund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00514.x","article-title":"Tongue anatomy and physiology, the scientific basis for a novel targeted neurostimulation system designed for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"16","author":"Zaidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0356","article-title":"Age-Related Variability in Tongue Pressure Patterns for Maximum Isometric and Saliva Swallowing Tasks","volume":"60","author":"Steele","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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