{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:01:35Z","timestamp":1787500895837,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"California State University, San Bernardino\u2019s Office of Student Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted nearly all sectors of our population, including college students, who continue to share disproportionate rate of disparities. In this study, we aimed to identity key sleep health characteristics, including markers for obstructive sleep apnea, as well as its relation to mental health, physical health, and academic performance. Methods: A cross-sectional study design with online survey dissemination was used. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were conducted among a predominantly minority population. Results: Results show that nearly 78% of the population reported that the pandemic impacted their mental or physical health, while over 83% reported daytime tiredness\/fatigue\/sleepiness, and another 61% reported sleeping less than seven hours during weekdays. Among other associations, pandemic-related poor sleep health, including sleeping less than seven hours, was associated with daytime tiredness\/fatigue\/sleepiness, psychological distress, as well as low mental health and physical health. A severe marker for obstructive sleep apnea, having stopped breathing during sleep, was also associated with psychological distress during the pandemic. Conclusions: Sleep health interventions are critical for optimizing college student health and well-being, including improving mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"6900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Sleep and Mental Health Disparities among Students at a Hispanic and Minority-Serving Institution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monideepa B.","family":"Becerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rushil J.","family":"Gumasana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey Bao","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5793-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022, March 17). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/science\/about-epidemiology\/identifying-source-outbreak.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Our World in Data (2022, March 17). Cumulative Confirmed COVID-19 Cases and Deaths. Our World in Data. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/cumulative-deaths-and-cases-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, March 17). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022, March 17). COVID Data Tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., and Lucock, M. (2022). The mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey in the UK. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262562"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salimi, N., Gere, B., Talley, W., and Irioogbe, B. (2021). College Students Mental Health Challenges: Concerns and Considerations in the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Coll. Stud. Psychother., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/87568225.2021.1890298"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.022","article-title":"Sleep in university students prior to and during COVID-19 Stay-at-Home orders","volume":"30","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21649561211020708","DOI":"10.1177\/21649561211020707","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances in Individuals Quarantined Due to SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Poland: A Mixed Methods Design Study","volume":"10","author":"Krupa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic (2022, March 17). U.S. COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker: See Your State\u2019s Progress. Mayo Clinic. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/vaccine-tracker."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1538148","article-title":"Sleepless in school: The role of social determinants of sleep health among college students","volume":"68","author":"Becerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"California State University, San Bernardino (2022, March 13). Facts and Stats|About CSUSB. Available online: https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/about-csusb\/facts-and-stats."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"21","article-title":"Use of the Berlin Questionnaire to screen at-risk patients for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"10","author":"Karakoc","year":"2014","journal-title":"B-ENT"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"316","article-title":"The Berlin questionnaire screens for obstructive sleep apnea in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Thurtell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol. Off. J. N. Am. Neuro-Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","article-title":"Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress","volume":"32","author":"Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, March 17). Sleep Apnea|NHLBI, NIH, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/sleep-apnea."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Snoring-Symptoms and Causes (2022, March 17). Mayo Clinic. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/snoring\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20377694."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8930","article-title":"Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Jahrami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.12.008","article-title":"Sleeping when the world locks down: Correlates of sleep health during the COVID-19 pandemic across 59 countries","volume":"7","author":"Yuksel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4172","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Individuals with Insomnia: Clinical Significance and Correlates","volume":"37","author":"Morin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsab193","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab193","article-title":"Stress and sleep across the onset of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Impact of distance learning on US college students\u2019 health trajectories","volume":"44","author":"Gusman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.588693","article-title":"Anxiety and Sleep Problems of College Students during the Outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775374","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.775374","article-title":"Sleep Quality and Mental Health of Medical Students in Greece During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Eleftheriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650905000207","article-title":"Mental health, mental illness, and psychological distress: Same continuum or distinct phenomena?","volume":"50","author":"Payton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepe.2021.100004","article-title":"College students\u2019 sleep difficulty during COVID-19 and correlated stressors: A large-scale cross-sessional survey study","volume":"1","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.08.014","article-title":"The interplay between sleep and mood in predicting academic functioning, physical health and psychological health: A longitudinal study","volume":"74","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2022, March 17). The Dangers of Uncontrolled Sleep Apnea. Available online: https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/wellness-and-prevention\/the-dangers-of-uncontrolled-sleep-apnea."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672238","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.672238","article-title":"Sleep, Well-Being and Academic Performance: A Study in a Singapore Residential College","volume":"12","author":"Armand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Waxman, O. (2022, March 17). College Nap Rooms: Where to Sleep at University Libraries|Time. Available online: https:\/\/time.com\/3211964\/nap-rooms-at-universities\/."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"337","article-title":"The Impact of a Randomized Sleep Education Intervention for College Students","volume":"14","author":"Hershner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med. JCSM Off. Publ. Am. Acad. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2017.1397231","article-title":"Development of a University Campus Healthy Sleep Promotion Program","volume":"39","author":"McCabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5664\/JCSM.1072","article-title":"An E-mail Delivered CBT for Sleep-Health Program for College Students: Effects on Sleep Quality and Depression Symptoms","volume":"07","author":"Trockel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.09.008","article-title":"The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance","volume":"46","author":"Ahrberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-23157","article-title":"Association of Sleep and Academic Performance","volume":"06","author":"Eliasson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6900\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:24:37Z","timestamp":1760138677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19116900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116900","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]}}}