{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T23:31:30Z","timestamp":1787527890846,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental pollution and the living conditions of indigenous Ecuadorians on the transmission of enteroparasites in an Andean agricultural area located at high altitude. Environmental pollution was recorded after observation in each community. The parasites were identified by microscopic sediment analysis using physiological saline solution from macerated arthropods, washed vegetables, and human stools, utilizing four coproparasitological techniques (direct examination, Kato\u2013Katz, ether concentration, and Ziehl\u2013Neelsen). The results show that the inadequate disposal of human and animal excreta that contaminate soil and water, incorrect food hygiene, inadequate sanitary infrastructure in houses, a lack of animal veterinary care, and rodent proliferation are important reservoirs of zoonotic parasites. The use of excrement as fertilizer increases the number of flies, which act as mechanical vectors, and vegetables grown in areas with disperse infective parasitic forms act as vehicles that are marketed at the local, regional, and international levels. These analyses verify contamination levels of 52.7% in mechanical vectors, 70.6% in vegetables, and 98.2% in human stools. The agricultural communities analyzed maintained poor hygienic\u2013sanitary and environmental conditions, which had a significant influence on the transmission of enteroparasites that affect human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"6901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Influence of Environmental Pollution and Living Conditions on Parasite Transmission among Indigenous Ecuadorians"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Luisa Carolina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u201cAn\u00e1lisis de Muestras Biol\u00f3gicas y Forenses\u201d, Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre, Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Robalino-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u201cAn\u00e1lisis de Muestras Biol\u00f3gicas y Forenses\u201d, Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre, Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"De la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u201cAn\u00e1lisis de Muestras Biol\u00f3gicas y Forenses\u201d, Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre, Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pa\u00fal","family":"Parra-Mayorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u201cAn\u00e1lisis de Muestras Biol\u00f3gicas y Forenses\u201d, Carrera de Comunicaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Pol\u00edticas y Administrativas, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gregorio","family":"Prato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Trelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Com\u00fan de Investigaci\u00f3n en Endocrinolog\u00eda, Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u201cPar\u00e1sitos y Salud\u201d, Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Parasitologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Burjassot, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9508-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e0rius Vicent","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u201cPar\u00e1sitos y Salud\u201d, Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Parasitologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Burjassot, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.04.023","article-title":"Occurrence of intestinal parasites in Mayan children from Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico","volume":"195","author":"Zonta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Saneamiento ambiental y su relaci\u00f3n con la prevalencia de par\u00e1sitos intestinales","volume":"47","author":"Gotera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kasmera"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO, and UNICEF (2017). 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