{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:26:55Z","timestamp":1762054015714,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation from Colombia (MINCIENCIAS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["723-2018","MED-211-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["723-2018","MED-211-2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Sabana","award":["723-2018","MED-211-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["723-2018","MED-211-2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by repetitive upper airway obstruction, intermittent hypoxemia, and recurrent awakenings during sleep. The most used treatment for this syndrome is a device that generates a positive airway pressure\u2014Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), but it works continuously, whether or not there is apnea. An alternative consists on systems that detect apnea episodes and produce a stimulus that eliminates them. Article focuses on the development of a simple and autonomous processing system for the detection of obstructive sleep apneas, using polysomnography (PSG) signals: electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), respiratory effort (RE), respiratory flow (RF), and oxygen saturation (SO2). The system is evaluated using, as a gold standard, 20 PSG tests labeled by sleep experts and it performs two analyses. A first analysis detects awake\/sleep stages and is based on the accumulated amplitude in a channel-dependent frequency range, according to the criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). The second analysis detects hypopneas and apneas, based on analysis of the breathing cycle and oxygen saturation. The results show a good estimation of sleep events, where for 75% of the cases of patients analyzed it is possible to determine the awake\/asleep states with an effectiveness of &gt;92% and apneas and hypopneas with an effectiveness of &gt;55%, through a simple processing system that could be implemented in an electronic device to be used in possible OSA treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1654510104000},"page":"6934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Simple and Autonomous Sleep Signal Processing System for the Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apneas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6779-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D.","family":"Moscoso-Barrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Ch\u00eda 25001, Colombia"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Universidad Central, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Urrestarazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology and Sleep Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4985-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Alegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology and Sleep Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Horrillo-Maysonnial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology and Sleep Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Urrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Mauricio","family":"Agudelo-Otalora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Ch\u00eda 25001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"Giraldo-Cadavid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Ch\u00eda 250001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Secundino","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Burguete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Senaratna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. 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