{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1782071363652,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Russia\u2019s military incursion into Ukraine triggered the mass displacement of two-thirds of Ukrainian children and adolescents, creating a cascade of population health consequences and producing extraordinary challenges for monitoring and controlling preventable pediatric infectious diseases. From the onset of the war, infectious disease surveillance and healthcare systems were severely disrupted. Prior to the reestablishment of dependable infectious disease surveillance systems, and during the early months of the conflict, our international team of pediatricians, infectious disease specialists, and population health scientists assessed the health implications for child and adolescent populations. The invasion occurred just as the COVID-19 Omicron surge was peaking throughout Europe and Ukrainian children had not received COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, vaccine coverage for multiple vaccine-preventable diseases, most notably measles, was alarmingly low as Ukrainian children and adolescents were forced to migrate from their home communities, living precariously as internally displaced persons inside Ukraine or streaming into European border nations as refugees. The incursion created immediate impediments in accessing HIV treatment services, aimed at preventing serial transmission from HIV-positive persons to adolescent sexual or drug-injection partners and to prevent vertical transmission from HIV-positive pregnant women to their newborns. The war also led to new-onset, conflict-associated, preventable infectious diseases in children and adolescents. First, children and adolescents were at risk of wound infections from medical trauma sustained during bombardment and other acts of war. Second, young people were at risk of sexually transmitted infections resulting from sexual assault perpetrated by invading Russian military personnel on youth trapped in occupied territories or from sexual assault perpetrated on vulnerable youth attempting to migrate to safety. Given the cascading risks that Ukrainian children and adolescents faced in the early months of the war\u2014and will likely continue to face\u2014infectious disease specialists and pediatricians are using their international networks to assist refugee-receiving host nations to improve infectious disease screening and interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:22:39Z","timestamp":1654820559000},"page":"7005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cascading Risks for Preventable Infectious Diseases in Children and Adolescents during the 2022 Invasion of Ukraine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4946-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine and Global Health, Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2768-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Gonzales-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8108-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori","family":"Peek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Natural Hazards Center, and CONVERGE, University of Colorado Boulder, 483 UCB Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-1192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha A.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"von Both","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2822-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke","family":"Emonts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Great North Children\u2019s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK"},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelde","family":"Espinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1121 NW 14th St., Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), P3H: Protect & Promote Population Health in Complex Crises, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Don Soffer Clinical Research Center Room 1507, 1120 NW 14 St., Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30406-7","article-title":"Children on the move\u2014A call for active screening in migrants","volume":"4","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child. 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