{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:31:14Z","timestamp":1777030274332,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq) of the Brazilian Government","award":["445004\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["445004\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq) of the Brazilian Government","award":["PAM0015\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAM0015\/2014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006181","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["445004\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["445004\/2014-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006181","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAM0015\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAM0015\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) have been associated with the deregulation of the neuroendocrine system, which could potentially favor the appearance of precocious puberty (PP) in environmentally exposed children. This study aims to evaluate the exposure to Mn and Pb and their potential effects in anticipating puberty in school-aged children living near a ferromanganese alloy plant in Bahia, Brazil. Toenail, occipital hair and blood samples were collected from 225 school-aged children. Tanner\u2019s scale was used for pubertal staging. Mn in blood (MnB), toenail (MnTn) and hair (MnH) and blood lead (PbB) levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Puberty-related hormone concentrations were determined by chemiluminescence. The age at which girls\u2019 breasts began to develop was inversely correlated with weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-scores (p &lt; 0.05); pubarche also had similar results. Mn biomarker levels did not present differences among pubertal classification nor among children with potential PP or not. Furthermore, Mn exposure was not associated with the age of onset of sexual characteristics for either girls or boys. However, PbB levels were positively correlated with boys\u2019 pubic hair stages (rho = 0.258; p = 0.009) and associated with the age of onset of girls\u2019 pubarche (\u03b2 = 0.299, 95%CI = 0.055\u20130.542; p = 0.017). Testosterone and LH concentrations were statistically higher in boys with an increased PbB (p = 0.09 and p = 0.02, respectively). Prospective studies are needed to better assess the association between exposure to Mn and Pb and the early onset of puberty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1654856712000},"page":"7158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Manganese and Lead Exposure and Early Puberty Onset in Children Living near a Ferromanganese Alloy Plant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Ribeiro","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Lima Gomes","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matheus de Jesus","family":"Bandeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Laura dos Santos","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cec\u00edlia Freitas da Silva","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Program, National School of Public Health, Oswald Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Fernando Fernandes","family":"Adan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, College of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Menezes-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108630","article-title":"In Utero and Peripubertal Metals Exposure in Relation to Reproductive Hormones and Sexual Maturation and Progression among Girls in Mexico City","volume":"177","author":"Ashrap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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